Polygyny Essays - Marriage, Sexual Fidelity, Mating Systems

Polygyny A Cross Cultural Perspective of Polygyny As a foundation, polygyny, the social course of action that allows a man to have more than one spouse simultaneously, exists in all pieces of the world. From our current information, there are not very many crude clans in which a man isn't permitted to go into more than one association. Truth be told, ethologists currently accept that just one to two percent of all species might be monogamous (Tucker). None of the simian species are carefully monogamous; our nearest family members, the chimpanzees, practice a type of gathering marriage. Among the 849 human social orders analyzed by the anthropologist Murdock (1957), 75% rehearsed polygyny. Numerous people groups have been supposed to be monogamous, however it is hard to surmise from the information at our removal whether monogamy is the common practice, the ethical perfect, or an establishment defended by sanctions (Malinowski 1962). Generally, polygyny was a component of the old Hebrews, the conventional Chinese, and the nineteenth-century Mormons in the United States, however the cutting edge practice of polygyny is moved in Africa, the Middle East, India, Thailand, and Indonesia. The degree to which men can secure numerous spouses relies upon numerous elements, including the monetary flourishing of the man's family, the winning lady of the hour value, the differential accessibility of eligible females, the need and want for extra posterity, and the accessibility of beneficial jobs for ensuing spouses. Indeed, even in social orders that grant polygyny, the states of life for the majority make monogamy the most well-known type of marriage. The two varieties of polygyny are sororal (the cowives are sisters) furthermore, nonsororal (the cowives are not sisters). A few social orders additionally watch the custom of levirate, making it mandatory for a man to wed his sibling's widow. It must be recalled that any type of polygyny is rarely rehearsed all through the whole network: there can't exist a network where each man would have a few spouses since this would involve a tremendous excess of females over guys (Malinowski 1962). Another significant point is that as a general rule it is less a type of marriage on a very basic level particular from monogamy as rather a different monogamy. It is consistently in truth the reiteration of marriage contract, entered separately with every spouse, building up an individual relationship between the man and every one of his consorts (Benson 1971). Where every spouse has her separate family and the spouse visits them thus, polygynous marriage looks like intently a briefly interfered with monogamy. In such cases, there is a progression of individual relationships wherein household courses of action, financial aspects, parenthood, just as lawful and strict components don't truly infringe on one another. The polygyny with discrete families is all the more all around predominant. Among the incredible larger part of the Bantu and Hamitic people groups of Africa, where the number of spouses, particularly on account of boss, is frequently significant, each spouse regularly involves a different cottage with her youngsters, and deals with an autonomous family unit with all around characterized legitimate and financial rights (Pasternak 1976). Where, then again, as among numerous N. American clans, at least two spouses share a similar family unit, polygyny influences the establishment of marital life substantially more profoundly. Not at all like spouses in numerous other African gatherings who live in their own cottages, Ijaw spouses include lofts inside one huge structure and our carried into considerably more continuous contact with their co-spouses (Rosaldo 1974). Different hypotheses have been progressed to clarify the social support of polygyny. Probably the most punctual clarification depended on the thought that men have a more noteworthy manner for assortment in sexual accomplices than do ladies (Tucker). Numerous ethologists accept that there is a sociobiological basic for men to have whatever number sexual accomplices as could reasonably be expected (Sayers). While this hypothesis is of authentic enthusiasm, there exists no observational help for the more prominent sex drive of the male, nor is there any motivation to expect the male sex drive to shift from one culture to another. Ladies are similarly as normally inspired by sex, maybe significantly more so. Ladies can be multi-orgasmic and have an a lot more extensive scope of sexual incitement than men. Non-monogamy is reproductively sharp for guys in request to spread their qualities, and for females so as to improve the toughness furthermore, hereditary assortment of their posterity (Benson). It has additionally been proposed that polygyny as a marriage structure developed in light of long baby blues sex restrictions since polygyny gives an authentic sexual outlet to the spouse during this time of untouchable (Whiting). Whiting found that social orders subject to root furthermore, tree crops (probably low protein social orders) are more

Marketing Plan for Saigontourist travel services Coursework

Promoting Plan for Saigontourist travel administrations - Coursework Example The Advertising plan Saigontourist Travel Services depicts the manner by which the administration nature of the travel industry will improve. Saigontourist is a famous association which is seen to convey nonstop fixation over innovative work activities so as to present inventive visit bundles for its clients at visit occasional interims. It merits referencing this may be considered as a significant quality of the organization which can encourage the association to continue in this savagely serious period of globalization in the travel industry. Thus, it can present a voyaging trip named ‘Cosy Viet’, including remarkable nature of administrations alongside experienced experts for its clients with the goal to give them profoundly palatable experience of going to all the unlikely districts of Vietnam. It is in this setting the center item as far as ‘Cosy Viet’ and comparable other visit bundles may help Saigontourist to accomplish a more significant level of cu stomers’ fulfillment bringing about the general expansion of its gainfulness and its productivity according to client relationship the executives. Saigontourist is a state-possessed making a trip undertaking which wants to accomplish the biggest segment of piece of the overall industry in the travel industry of Vietnam. In this manner, the association has been seen to purposely endeavor towards upgrading its image picture by improving its prominence and qualities of administrations offered to the objective gatherings. 3. Besides, the presentation of ‘Cosy Viet’ is additionally expected to upgrade the brand value of Saigontourist bringing about the general improvement of its flourishing. In light of this viewpoint, Saigontourist can likewise offer the office of an information visit manage so as to offer worth included administrations at a proficient expense to its clients. This may essentially help the clients of ‘Cosy Viet’ to accomplish a general view about the way of life, excellence, nature and history of Vietnam and its neighboring regions, for example, Dalat-Nha Trang, Da Nang-Hue and others. This thus is well on the way to encourage in upgrading the reliance and fulfillment level of the clients further bringing about the domination of Saigontourist4. In ‘Cosy Viet’ bundle, the shoppers can likewise be rendered with additional offices in particular couple goes for extravagance journey day outs, old war site visiting bundles, stream cruising visits and ou tings for Indochina. In addition, differed sorts of protections can likewise be offered at a sensible expense, so as to improve client satisfaction. Henceforth, it may encourage Saigontourist to expand its image an incentive in the long run5. Value Pricing is the second most significant part of showcasing blend. So as to upgrade the corporate picture of Saigontourist, it will be profoundly advantageous for the association to follow esteem based valuing strategies, at the presentation phase of its new item, for example ‘

Next Steps For the Deferred

Next Steps For the Deferred On Saturday we released decisions for Early Action (EA) applicants. There was a definitive resolution for those students who were admitted or denied in EA. Deferred students, however, will have to wait a little longer as we reconsider their cases in Regular Action (RA). Ive had a number of deferred students write in with questions so I wanted to post a quick entry that answered some of them publicly. What new stuff should I send? The only new thing you need to send in is the February Updates and Notes form. Youll use the FUN form to tell us your midyear grades and anything new that has happened or will happen. As always, you can send us stuff via email or mail, but the FUN form is the best way to update us. The FUN form is due by February 15th. You may  still submit a supplemental portfolio, but you do not need to; I would only consider this if you were planning to do so during EA but ran out of time. If you are retaking tests in December or January, you may also designate MIT as a score recipient and well add them to your application. You may not rewrite your essays, redo your interview, redo your entire applicationanything like that. We deferred you because we want to reconsider your application (the one you have already sent) in RA. What are my chances in Regular Action? Once we defer you, you are automagically reconsidered when we reconvene the admissions committees for RA next spring. You are at no advantage nor disadvantage for having been deferred in EA. Nobody, not even me, can accurately gauge your chance of being admitted to MIT. With that said, in the last few years we have admitted between 150-300 students in RA who were initially deferred in EA. Thats a small number, but to be honest, so is the number of RA applicants who are admitted. Its hard to get into MIT. Being deferred means youre going to get another fair shot. Bloggers who were deferred and then admitted (and blogged about it) include Hamsika and Lydia, and I would recommend reading about their experiences. Can I call / email / owl in to find out why I was deferred? No. We wont tell you, because we cant. We make decisions collaboratively, in committees, and no one person has access to the reason (or set of reasons) why anyone was deferred as opposed to admitted or denied. Having done this for some time now, I can tell you it is almost never one thing which, if only it had been otherwise, the decision would be different. I understand this ambiguity can be difficult, but most selective processes are characterized by this kind of complexity. My advice would be to send in the FUN form and then focus on anything other than MIT (other college apps, your classes, your clubs, your navel, whatever) until we release RA decisions. As Lydia commented in the deferred open thread: I actually do agree that the best thing you can do is to focus on things that are not MIT (or other college) admissionsIf I could do things over, I wouldnt think about MIT at all in the months between getting deferred and March.   Do this thing, this thing that Lydia said (hint: this is good life advice generally). Im an RA Applicant, but I read this post anyway; what do I do? You are very sneaky. Just follow the instructions and deadlines  as weve written them. Please note that at this point the deadline to schedule an interview has passed. How can I contact the office if I must? Same ways as always (this goes for RA applicants too). You may comment on this entry, where Ill try to answer new questions (and perhaps update this post) over the next couple of days. You may also call us (617.253.3400) or email us (admissions [at] mit [dot] edu). Ill be on vacation for awhile starting this Wednesday to rest my eyes and brain. From Thursday, December 25th, to Monday, January 5th, the entire office will be shut down for the holidays, which means our reception center in 10-100 will be closed and our phones will be off. Some of our staff will be working overtime to answer emails during that period, but there may be some delay due to the holidays, so please be patient. Looking forward to (re)considering your applications in January!

A Child s Development On The Early Childhood Classroom Essay

It is clear that play is an intricate part of a child’s development. Nearly every milestone a child accomplishes between the ages of 6 months to 5 years of age, play is how the interpret what they see and hear, and incorporate everyday adult activities in to imaginative play, to mold and shape the characters of their personalities. Like Vygotsky theory, â€Å"Children are practicing what they have learned in other settings or are constructing new knowledge, it is clear that play has a valuable role in the early childhood classroom.† Olivia turned four years old, on September 29, 2012. She is a very intelligent and precocious child, who does want to be the center of attention, but also knows when she has done something wrong. She is not an only child. She has a brother, Kevin, but it she was unclear in when asked if she had siblings. When asked if she had any brothers or sisters, she said, â€Å"Yes, but they are my cousins.† It was not until Ms. Liz, the teacher, who overheard my asking Oliva if she had siblings, chime in and say, â€Å"You have a brother Olivia, what about Kevin?† â€Å"Oh, yeah I have Kevin as a brother,† Olivia replied. She gave me the impression that because I was not asking about her, she was not interested in talking about her brother. Olivia said that she lives with her Mommy and Daddy, and that she always sees her Aunts and cousins. This led me to believe that her family is close, and involved with one another. Olivia is a very attention-seeking child, and likes to b eShow MoreRelatedAn Early Childhood Educator Can Reconstruct The Life Of A Child1708 Words   |  7 Pagesbecoming an Early Childhood Educator can reconstruct the life of a child (Rawlings 127). Early Childhood Education is a profession that works with children from birth up to eight years of age (Garvis and Pendergast 104). Most of the theory of knowledge in early childhood is that children learn through movement. When children engage through play they develop a sense of individuality that helps them discover who they are, build relations with others, and understand their cultural background. In early childhoodRead MoreEarly Childhood Course At Savannah Technical College Essay1662 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Throughout the ECCE 1101 Introduction to Early Childhood course at Savannah Technical College there were several theorists introduced in the course that had a major impact on molding the foundation for an understanding of early childhood as a whole. Although the scope covered a broad spectrum of early childhood, majority of the main focus was on early education. The work of Lev Vygotsky greatly influenced the field of early education. This paper will include a brief summary of Vygotsky’sRead MoreEarly Education For Children : Early Childhood Educator1408 Words   |  6 PagesEarly education for children is very crucial as it helps shape up the foundation of their knowledge and behavior development process. Children begin to develop the sense of curiosity from the age of two. And from age 2-8, children go through a very crucial period of mental development, which shapes up their future mindset (Grayson, 2016). Early children education (ECE) has been listed as the number one pr iority of the National Association of Education. The teachers or educators at nursery and primaryRead MoreTechnology And Early Childhood Classroom1583 Words   |  7 Pages Technology in an Early Childhood Classroom Marsha Kinsel ENG122: English Composition II Instructor Susan Luck June 1, 2017 Technology in An Early Childhood Classroom Even though some experts feel children’s physical health is at risk once they are introduced to technology, it is a must, that early childhood educators do just that. In a world where technology is ever changing it is imperative that children are exposed as early as two years old so that they are not left at a disadvantageRead MorePhilosophy of Early Childhood Essay854 Words   |  4 PagesA personal philosophy of Early childhood Education My philosophy of Early childhood education is based on research that indicates that a child’s growth is developmental. Every child is unique in terms of life experiences, developmental readiness, and cultural heritage. 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Our school offers full-day and/or half days with the key characteristicsRead MoreUnderstanding A Child Needs And Child Development851 Words   |  4 Pages Understanding a child needs and the way to interact with them a key knowledge to create different ways for the child to development at their appropriate age level. In the beginning of the semester, I only have some knowledge of child development. I didn’t know the method of teaching a child are even to speak to them. After this class and participating in programs relating to children s development, such as Jumpstart, i slowly understand the importance of ways to express and take to the childrenRead MoreEarly Childhood Education Essay1573 Words   |  7 Pagesthe child for future learning experiences. The evolution of early childhood education has changed how adults and parents view the importance of offering stimulating and exciting opportunities to the very young. 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If a child is healthy and well, then they will be more likely to succeed insideRead MoreEssay on 20th Century Approaches in Early Childhood Education861 Words   |  4 Pagesknow there are many kinds of programs and approaches used in early childhood education? The 20th century was the start of inclusive classrooms and about the idea of education for all. Education in the early preschool years boomed with early childhood development programs. While there are many popular approaches, I find that Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner have the reliable strait forward and captivating approaches to early childhood education. Maria Montessori has an educational method that

The Three Pieces Of Art - 906 Words

The three pieces of Art chosen to be discussed in this essay range in style and meaning but all seem to tie together a symbol of power. In Sutton Hoo the wealth is shown through the purse lid and it exquisite components it was made from, the Bayeux Tapestry shows the power of the Norman Conquest and their leader William the conquer, and finally the immaculate Sistine Chapel with emphasis on The Creation of Adam that shows the power of God and also the skill of Michelangelo. The Roman Legions withdrew from Britain in about 410 CE and over the next 150 years (where almost no records survived) the British began to gain most control and create a new social structure and culture, this began to divide the land into a bunch of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. Sutton Hoo is a series of 6th to 7th century burial mounds found in Suffolk, England. The largest and first excavation began in 1939 by Basil Brown. This excavation lead to the discovery of a 90-foot-long ship, and the what is believed to be the burial site of Raedwald leader of the Wuffing Dynasty. It was in the mound that the Purse cover was discovered. The original records of the find were destroyed in World Was II and only a few pictures remained as evidence. From 1965-1971 the mound was excavated again along with mounds 5,6,14,17, and 18, the archeologist discovered 39 burials most believed to between the 8th and 11th century and were execution burials. The Purse Cover in mound one is believed to have been a sy mbol of power andShow MoreRelatedWhy Art Has Three Main Purposes1701 Words   |  7 PagesI believe art has three main purposes. One, to educate. two, to understand, and three, to amaze. Let me explain myself more thoroughly. We want individuals to be educated from the art they see in a museum. Educated about the culture, meaning and purpose that certain art pieces served to a community way back when the piece was created. Also, we want the viewer of the piece of art want to know more about it. To understand why the piece was made out of certain materials, how those materials were obtainedRead More The Madina Collection of Islamic Art at the LACMA Essay777 Words   |  4 Pagesof Islamic Art at the LACMA Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) announced recently that it had acquired â€Å"the remarkable Madina Collection of Islamic art. The collection contains works of various media dating from the late 7th through 19th centuries from the vast areas that comprise the Islamic world, from Southern Spain to Central Asia† (Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 2005). While the museum already had quite an extensive collection of Islamic art, this particularRead MoreEssay about A Critical Visual Analysis of a Work of Art1068 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ A Critical Visual Analysis of a Work of Art The piece of art that I chose to do my critical visual analysis on will be the Birds of Paradise, painted by Frits van Eeden, in 1997. (Birds of Paradise) Eeden was born in Tilburg, Holland, in March 1944 and grew up in The Hague. (Frits Van Eeden) For the Birds of Paradise he used acrylic paint on canvas. This piece of art is located in the Evans Library, at Florida Tech, in Melbourne, FL. When I look at the picture I see birds helping each otherRead MoreArt 100 Paper1017 Words   |  5 PagesCorrine Roe 1,012 words Art 100 4/8/12 Aesthetics Learning Object The first two pictures that are being compared are Shirin Neshatb â€Å"Allegience with Wakefulness† 1994 and Jasper Johns â€Å"Three Flags† 1958. In the â€Å"Allegience with Wakefulness† is instrumentalist. It is instrumentalist because it is the writing on this person’s feet is not English and there is a gun between the person’sRead MoreDadaism Art763 Words   |  4 Pagesis an art movement from the post World War 1 era (/www.artinthepicture.com). Dadaism was founded by an author named Hugo Ball in 1916 (www.tate.org.uk). Dadaism is more than paintings and drawings. Dadaism can be anything from visual arts, literature, and theatrical performances (www.artinthepicture.com). I like Dadaism because it is art that makes people think about the question what is art in a way that other art styles do not. The point of Dada is to confuse the person looking at the art. The threeRead MoreA Study Of Rauschenberg s Erased De Kooning Drawing1416 Words    |  6 Pagesseries, and so he came to the conclusion that the only way he could achieve this would be through erasure. He began experimenting with his own drawings, but still being a young artist it he didn’t think it would be considered art. 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The works had a very specific style and set of influences that have been compared by art historians throughout time. The image of what a people call the â€Å"Gandharan Buddha† is easily recognizable for its distinct features. However, this image is not always universal between Gandharan art. Different works can share similar features and distinction, but can also have many differences. These can lie in notRead MoreAppreciation Of A Novel By Barbara Kruger1311 Words   |  6 PagesAppreciation of art is like the appreciation of a novel. One may read a title of a novel and be amazed and curios but will never appreciate it fully if the novel is not read from cover to cover. For any piece of art, one needs to learn about the artist, the story behind the piece and the purpose of the piece. In addition to learning about the work, as a woman, I find myself leaning more towards the apprecia tion of the work of women artists who use their talent and skills to express themselves and/orRead MoreArt And Its Influence On A City Dominated By Art1132 Words   |  5 PagesPerhaps the most subjective thing life has to offer is art. Some may argue that having such a subjective concept can be hard to uniformly understand and standardize, but that s what makes art so beautiful. Art is subjective, ensuring no two experiences are the same. The fact that we can all look at the same piece of art and have completely different emotional and cognitive responses ensures healthy discussion and communication. Art is one of the few constants human culture collectively has, and

Why I Chose This Picture - 1187 Words

America is commonly referred to as the veritable â€Å"melting pot.† Individuals from all walks of life come to the U.S. in the hopes of achieving the American Dream. What began as a land of indigenous people has matured into a haven for cultural diversity. For the most part, these differences have strengthened the country. Nowhere else on Earth can a citizen enjoy French cuisine, partake in Chinese New Year festivities, and listen to live performances of Jamaican reggae all in the same day, in the same city. It is important to note, however, that this diversity is not without its flaws. Racial tensions still exist in modern America, despite considerable social progress since its inchoate stages. Even if racism may not be as obvious as it has†¦show more content†¦Although society encourages all of us to embrace diversity, it was hard to do so when I first moved to South Dakota. As my picture shows, I was one of the very few Asians at my school, and it was not easy try ing to simply blend in. Humans may collectively condemn judgments based on skin color, but it really is inevitable for visual creatures like ourselves. Though my white classmates did not show their sentiments outright, they regarded me as an outsider. They were not familiar with the Asian culture or people, so they took the convenient route to figure out my identity – stereotyping. I was expected to excel at math, be buried in textbooks and SAT study guides all day, and act awkwardly among my peers. Whenever I did not fit the Asian â€Å"mold,† they were genuinely surprised and even threatened. I wanted my identity to be judged upon my individuality, accomplishments, and characteristics. Instead, my Asian heritage consumed the entirety of my identity. I was not â€Å"Doha Kang† in their eyes. I was â€Å"that one Asian kid.† For those who have not been part of a minority, discrimination may be very hard to imagine. After all, even the U.S. Constitution promises equality for everyone, regardless of race, gender, and most recently, sexual orientation. Let it be known that racial prejudice is very real. It is not something the media has made up to garner attention. There is racism everywhere, even in the places one least expects. Universities are an excellent example,

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Analysis Essay Example For Students

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Analysis Essay Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an illness that traps people in endlesscycles of repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and behaviors (compulsions). Althoughwe all have habits and routines that help us organize our daily lives, peoplewith OCD develop patterns of behavior that take up too much time and interferewith their daily lives. Obsessions are unwanted and intrusive ideas, images andimpulses that run through the persons mind over and over again. Sometimes thesethoughts come only once in a while and are only mildly annoying, but at othertimes the thoughts come constantly and cause great distress. A compulsion is abehavior that is performed on purpose in response to an obsession. Peopleperform these compulsive behaviors according to rules they make upthemselves to try to control the nervous feelings that come along with theobsessive thoughts. Sometimes compulsive behaviors are called rituals. Forexample, a person may have a profound fear of germs and spend hours washing hisor her hands after using a public toilet. Rituals like this do make the nervousfeelings go away, but usually only for a short while. Then fear and discomfortreturn, and the person repeats the routine all over again. Most people with OCDknow that their obsessions and compulsions are ridiculous and make no sense, butthey cant ignore them. Most people with OCD experience common obsessions suchas: fear of dirt, germs, or contamination, fear of harming a family member orfriend, concern with order, symmetry (balance) and exactness, worry that a taskhas been done poorly, even when the person knows this is not true. Also fear ofthinking evil or sinful thoughts, and A constant need for reassurance are commonobsessions. What Causes OCD? OCD may be connected with an imbalance in a brainchemical called serotonin. Serotonin serves as a bridge in sendingnerve impulses from one nerve cell to the next, and in regulating repetitivebehaviors. The great improvement that people have when they take certainmed icines makes this idea more believable. How can OCD be treated? Behavioraltherapy can be used to lessen unwanted compulsions. First, people are exposed tothe situations that produce obsessions and anxiety, and then they are encouragedto resist performing the rituals that usually help control the anxiety. Overtime and with practice, OCD symptoms gradually go away. The person with OCD mustreally want to use this method, though, to be able to tolerate the high levelsof anxiety that result. Finally, family therapy is a way to educate therelatives of a person with OCD about their part in the recovery process, and howto deal with their own feelings of frustration and unhappiness. Psychology

Effects of Violence Media on Aggression

Introduction Craig and Bushman (2002) conducted a study that confirmed studies performed previously regarding the effects of media on aggression and the behavior of children. Studies conducted from 1975 onwards suggest that violent media generates both long and short-term effects that tend to affect the socialization of individuals.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Effects of Violence Media on Aggression specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Recent investigators observe that aggression increases tremendously among individuals who play violent video games for over three times consecutively. Whenever such individuals play violent games, they are exposed to aggressive behavior and their expectations tend to be hostile as well. In particular, playing violent games result to short-time violence, aggressive behavior, and nervousness. Scholars compare playing violent games to smoking. It is factual that just one cigarette ca nnot cause cancer, but continuous intake would probably increase the chances of contracting cancer. This implies that incessant exposure to sadistic video games might perhaps have a cumulative effect on hostility. Even though video games play a critical role in educating the young people, they affect the behavior of individuals in their entire life in case they are not employed carefully. The correlation between aggression and violent media is often disputed since many people expect the results to be instant whereby an individual is expected to watch the violent video and shoot another person the next minute. Since this cannot happen, Craig Anderson and other scholars explain the relationship between the violent media and aggression. Craig suggests that a collection of cells in the mind is charged with the role of detecting the occurrence of something new in the environment. Responsible body organs activate cells anytime something new is experienced. If two things happen at the same time, they are wired together meaning that the body will always link the occurrence of violence to the violent media (Craig, 2004). This paper looks at the three major effects of violent games. An individual’s biological, social, and psychological processes are affected whenever a child plays or watches violent media continuously. Effects of Violent Media on Aggression Type of Effect Effect Justification Explanation Biological Abnormal heart rate and sleep Studies show that independent nerve system, as well as the central physiological structures in the body can perhaps be affected even without the knowledge of the individual when a violent video game is watched or played. In one of the studies conducted at the Stockholm University, it was established that violent media has a negative effect on the functioning of the heart, which automatically interferes with sleep among children. The study was conducted with a sample of thirty teenage boys aged between thirteen years a nd fifteen years (Krahe, 2012). Upon division of the sample into two groups, the high exposure group was subjected to violent video games for at least three hours. The low group played the violent game for less than an hour. The findings of the study revealed that children who played the violent game had problems with their heart rates, as well as sleeping. Children were anxious after the game meaning that violent games elicit more stress at bedtime. Moreover, children were exhausted, which is an indication that violent media interferes with sleep. Psychological Development of aggressive behavior A number of studies conducted in the United States, as well as other countries, suggest that children, who are often exposed to violent media, develop aggressive behaviors that are always dangerous to their survival and the survival of other societal members. Violent behavior against others and lack of remorsefulness characterize the actions of children with aggressive behavior in society . Such children tend to develop defective belief, which generates stressors that might lead to many unconstructive events. Such children develop increased sentiment of antagonism and decreased expressive response towards brutality and harm. Children acquire sadistic behavior through learning process (Griffin, 2013). Social/environmental Human behavior is achieved through the process of socialization meaning that an individual would probably develop aggressive behavior through media influence. In case a child is exposed to continuous violent media, chances are high that such a child would develop a deviant behavior, which might lead to the development of aggressive behavior. The media is one of the socializing agents implying that it affects the normal growth of a child. Children should be allowed to interact with video games that are constructive. In the modern society, the media is replacing the family as a primary socializing agent. Therefore, children are likely to adopt aggre ssive behavior that might affect their individual orientation to the world. Thus might happen in case children are allowed to watch or play violent video games (Nauert, 2012) Conclusion Violent media has a tremendous effect on the life of an individual in society. Biologically, violent media interferes with the heart rate and sleep among children. Research shows that watching aggrieve movies and playing violent videos cause sleep difficulties and heart challenges. Psychologically, an individual suffers from stress and anxiety if he or she is continuously exposed to violent media. From a social perspective, violent media interferes with the socialization of the individual, as he or she tends to develops aggressive behavior. References Craig, A. (2004). Violence in the media: its effects on children. Issues in Parenting Education, 1(2), 1-15.Advertising Looking for report on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn Mor e Craig, A., Bushman, B. J. (2002). Media violence and the American Public revisited. American Psychologist, 57(1), 448-450. Griffin, T. (2013). The Individual in Society (2nd ed.). North Ryde: McGraw-Hill. Krahe, B. (2012). Report of the Media Violence Commission: Media Violence Commission, International Society for Research on Aggression. Aggressive Behaviour, 38(1), 335–341. Nauert, R. (2012 December 11). Negative Effects of Violent Video Games May Build Over Time. Technology News, p. 1. This report on Effects of Violence Media on Aggression was written and submitted by user Freddy T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Exploration and History of Banned Books

Exploration and History of Banned Books A banned book is one that has been removed from the shelves of a library, bookstore, or  classroom because of its controversial content. In some cases, banned books of the past have been burned and/or refused publication. Possession of banned books has at times been regarded as an act of treason or heresy, which was punishable by death, torture, prison time, or other acts of retribution. A book may be challenged or banned on political, religious, sexual, or social grounds. We take the acts of banning or challenging a book as a serious matter because these are forms of censorshipstriking at the very core of our freedom to read. The History of Banned Books A book may be considered a banned book if the work has been banned in the past. We still discuss these books and the censorship surrounding them not only because it gives us insight into the time in which the book was banned, but it also gives us some perspective on books that are banned and challenged today.Many of the books that we consider rather tame today were once hotly debated works of literature. Then, of course, books that were once popular bestsellers are sometimes challenged or banned in classrooms or libraries because the cultural viewpoint and/or language that was accepted at the time of the books publication is no longer deemed appropriate to read. Time has a way of changing our perspective on literature. Why Discuss Banned Books? Of course, just because a book has been banned or challenged in some parts of the United States doesnt mean it has happened where you live. You may be one of the fortunate few who have never experienced banning. Thats why its so important for us to discuss the reality of banned books.Its important to know about the cases that are happening in other parts of the United States, and its important to be aware of the cases of book banning and censorship that are taking place around the world. Amnesty International directs attention to just a few writers from China, Eritrea, Iran, Myanmar, and Saudi Arabia, who have been persecuted for their writings.

Debate on the causes of global warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Debate on the causes of global warming - Essay Example While a dialectic method is used, it is used poorly, and there are almost no attempts at synthesis. The main topoi used by all sides are scientific data, but they are used poorly. There are three separate arguments made in the debate. One group of scientists claims that global warming is not occurring, another group claims that global warming is occurring because of natural changes in the earth's climate such as an increase in the level of solar radiation reaching the earth or changes in the patterns of winds, ocean currents, or volcanic activity, and another group claims that global warming is occurring because of an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to the large scale combustion of fossil fuels by humans that started during the time of the first industrial revolution and continues up to the present day. There are several different types of arguments used by scientists that deny the existence of global warming. The three main scientific arguments used by that side of the debate are claims that temperatures in the upper atmosphere have fallen in the last few decades, an argument that meteorological data from the last century is inaccurate because of the heat island effect, and a claim that differences in the way that average temperature is measured today cause average temperatures today to appear higher than they were in earlier decades. The claim that the temperatures in the upper atmosphere have fallen in the last few decades is the weakest of the three because there is no scientific proof that temperatures in the upper atmosphere have any correlation with ground temperatures. The temperature data was also slightly modified for scientific reasons in the survey, and scientists who claim that global warming is happening say that it was modified incorrectly. The argument that the heat island effect; or the effect of thermometers in weather stations being in highly developed areas where there are many heat-retaining ground coverings, such as buildings, concrete, and asphalt; is the cause of the observed rise in temperatures is a better argument, but there have been no attempts to analyze the effects of increasing urbanization quantitatively or show the exact levels of new development around each weather station. The claim that average temperatures appear higher because temperatures are now taken four times each day instead of twice is an even better argument, because the temperatures taken at the two other times are usually closer to the daily high than the daily low, and that causes the average daily temperature for each day to appear higher. However, it has been claimed that average highs and average lows have both risen in the past few decades, making this argument seem less convincing. Nonscientific arguments made by scientists and others that claim that glob al warming is not occurring include an argument that there is a global conspiracy against capitalism or the United States by socialists or internationalists using environmental junk science and the argument that most environmentalist scientists thought that there was a pattern of global cooling and the risk of a new ice age in the 1970s. Both arguments are ad hominem attacks. While many of the scientists that support the theory of human-caused Global Warming are extreme environmentalists, there is

Small Business Management Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Small Business Management - Scholarship Essay Example † Before embarking on the study’s specifics, it is essential to have a look at the overall advantage of owning and starting a business in New Zealand. Recent surveys have been carried out globally and these have come up with various findings and conclusions. As per the World Bank’s survey of 2006 where around 150 economies were focused on, New Zealand took the number one spot in terms of ease of carrying out business. The World Economic Forum put New Zealand in the 16th ranking out of 100 economies in terms of competitiveness and besides that, public institutions of New Zealand ranked top in judicial independence, tax collection, corruption absence, organised crime and property rights. Ethically, New Zealand’s situation put it among the most ethical areas of doing business in the world and this considered the corruption undertakings. Transparency International rated it second together with Finland after Iceland. This is as per 2005’s study of 159 cou ntries using CPI- Corruption Perceptions Index. New Zealand was also considered stable, open as well as competitive economically, has a business oriented governance, and cost competitive structures with low policy in inflation, flexible labour market and low rates of corporate tax. (wellington.govt.nz, 2011) According to Oliver and English, in their book, a small business refers to a business that is personally owned or managed. It may also be taken to be that entity which is void of managerial staffs that are specialists or does not form part of a bigger entity. Also, the definition says that such a business should be employing a maximum of 50 workers in manufacturing, a maximum of 10 employees in services and not exceeding 25 workers in the remaining sectors. If this definition is something to go by, then the sector of small businesses in New Zealand consisted of approximately 297,000 firms as at 2007. Of the 297,000, about 280,000 businesses are often known as ‘microâ€℠¢ enterprises since their employees are less than 5 persons. The ‘micro’ enterprises are usually common in retail trade, construction, property, finance as well as business services industrial sectors. Setting up a small business in New Zealand is not without merits. Among the merits of starting such a business are; one can become his or her own boss, exercise own talents, be in state of independence; remove dependence upon a fixed salary or wage; one has a chance to make his/her own money; one is at a vantage point in realising accomplishment, recognition and personal worth; one can come up and implement own products, services and ideas; and one is given a chance at enjoying work than he/she finds satisfying and successful. Having a sole proprietorship can make a person attain a level of family economic security as well as self and lastly, one may be in a position to provide valuable things to the community. Disadvantages of setting up a small business are that one may fail in business and lose all the borrowed and own capital. One may also be forced to work hard, sometimes up to 15 hours in any given day which results to lesser time spent with friends and family. Income may vary and behave in a volatile manner due to factors beyond oneself control. Also there is the very huge pressure arising especially while making decisions and solving problems of the business and these may call for

Contributions of systemic ideas to psychological therapeutic practice

Contributions of systemic ideas to psychological therapeutic practice The systemic approach is essentially a contextual approach to therapy. That is it views the presence of illness or dysfunction as being located within the family system rather than in one of its individual members (Asen, 2002). Practitioners use the term systemic rather than family therapy, because being at the receiving end of family therapy can have strong connotations of blame (Asen, 2002). Systemic ideas have led to major contributions to modern day psychological therapeutic practice, for example, the premise that multi-systems account for the problem and not just the individual experiencing difficulties, a commitment to positive connotation and a non-blaming approach. Several different versions of systemic therapy have emerged over the years. It began with the initial concept of systems theory and cybernetics being applied to the study, and subsequently the treatment of families (Dallos Urry, 1999). In the 1950s Bateson and his colleagues studied the patterns of transaction and communication in individuals with schizophrenia. The group hypothesised that the family of the patient was forming his or her thought processes through the peculiar communication requirements imposed (Bateson et al, 1956). The family was seen as a system with homeostatic tendencies. Family members were considered as various parts of this system and seen as behaving according to a set of explicit and implicit rules that determine interpersonal behaviours and communications (Watzlawick et al; 1967). Systemic therapy developed on this view of the family as a system. It aimed to challenge and disrupt unhelpful interaction patterns and dysfunctional communications, subsequently , allowing new ways of communicating to emerge (Asen, 2002). In fact therapy based on systems theory presented itself as a radical breakthrough in the treatment of mental illness. The prevailing models of therapy at the time considered pathology as predominantly residing in the individual experiencing difficulties. With the introduction of systems theories, it came to be seen in terms of characteristics of the family system. Thus it presented an extremely diverse view of many conditions, such as depression anorexia, schizophrenia, phobias and anxieties. Dallos Urry, (1999), provide the example of a child displaying a school phobia. Systemic ideas suggest that the child might be carrying conflicts on behalf of others in the family. The childs symptoms are seen as functional; possible functions could be to ensure a role for an otherwise isolated and lonely mother, to keep a disengaged father involved, and to distract attention from unresolved conflicts in the marriage (Dallos Urry, 1999 p.165). Importantly, this implied that individual treatme nts might not only be ineffective but could actually exacerbate the problem. To just treat the child in the above example, could serve to reinforce the erroneous view that the problem was residing in the child rather than tackling the causes, which could lie within the family system. It was this breakthrough of seeing the illness not solely as residing in the individual but in the persons family system that could indeed be regarded as one of systemic therapys greatest contributions to psychological therapeutic practice. Thus therapists began to examine the patterns within systems or the family surrounding the individual experiencing difficulties. This first wave of the application of systemic ideas became known as first-order cybernetics (Dallos Urry, 1999) and are briefly outlined below. FIRST-ORDER CYBERNETICS Structural approach Initially Minuchin and colleagues, (1974), proposed the structural approach. This approach assumes a normative family model, claiming families function particularly well when certain family structures prevail (Asen, 2002). Normative families were seen as those with embedded structures, such as hierarchies between generations within a family. It was considered important that these structures had semi-permeable boundaries permitting a sufficient flow of information up and down between hierarchies (Asen, 2002). The aim of structural family therapy is to make a particular family structure approximate the typical (normative) model. Challenging directly absent or rigid boundaries, unbalancing the equilibrium by temporarily joining with one family member against the others, or setting homework tasks designed to restore hierarchies, are some techniques used within a structural approach (Asen, 2002). As mentioned above seeing the problems as residing in the family system rather than the indiv idual was the ground-breaking and somewhat revolutionary at the time and a major contribution to psychological therapeutic practice. Strategic systemic therapy Strategic systemic therapy, is founded on the hypothesis that the symptom is being maintained by behaviours that seek to suppress it (Haley, 1963; Watzlawick et al, 1974). Asen (2002) provides the example of a woman with depression and low self-esteem which may elicit her partners over-protectiveness, a solution that maintains the presenting problem. A strategic therapist may re-frame the problem. For example, suggesting that the womans depression is an unselfish act designed to protect her partner from his own problems. The therapist may then prescribe a ritual whereby for a week on uneven days, the partner needs to experiment with discussing his own concerns (Asen, 2002). It is argued, by strategic therapists that once some changes are achieved in relation to the presenting symptom, a domino effect sets in affecting other interactions and behaviours in the whole family system. (Asen, 2002). The pervading problem is put into a different meaning-frame that provides new perspectives a nd therefore potentially makes new behaviours possible (Asen, 2002). Once again this reframing of the problem was innovative at the time and led to subsequent developments in therapeutic practice. SECOND ORDER CYBERNETICS Mental illnesses are indeed mental, in that they are at least 90% made up of blame, or casual attributions that are felt as blame. (Hoffman, 1993: 391) The shift towards what became known as second order cybernetics was broadly paralleled with a move in the social sciences towards constructivism and a departure from the mechanistic version of systems theory (Dallos Urry, 1999). Observations of patterns within systems were still seen as the major starting point but the emphasis was moved to an exploration of how the particular patterns within a family were shaped by their beliefs, explanations and meanings. Therapists began to make no assumptions about how family life should be and what represented a healthy family. The basic premise of this second wave of systems theories (Dallos Urry, 1999) was that the therapist and supervision team were seen as formulating certain ideas about a particular familys dynamics. These were regarded as no more than working hypothesis (Selvini Palazzoli, 1980) and it was believed there was no objective reality waiting to be discovered (Dallos Urry, 1999). It was imperative that therapists worked in teams rather than individually because it was seen as essential that the therapists continually reflected on and questioned their perceptions. The Milan systemic approach The Milan systemic approach advocated by Selvini Palazzoli and colleagues, (1978), holds great emphasis on a particular style of interviewing circular and reflexive questioning (Selvini Palazzoli et al, 1980). The approach focuses on questioning the various family members beliefs and perceptions regarding relationships. Asking each to comment and reflect on the answers given by the various other family members creates feedback that changes the fabric of family interactions (Asen, 2002). The Milan groups commitment to positive connotation produced a non- blaming approach. Selvini Palazzoli, Boscolo, Cecchin Prata ,(1980), succeeded in establishing three principles that they considered indispensible to interviewing the family correctly. They called these principles Hypothesising , Circularity, Neutrality. By hypothesising we refer to the formulation by the therapist of a hypothesis based upon the information he possesses regarding the family he is interviewing. The hypothesis establishes a starting point for his investigation as well as his verification of the validity of this hypothesis based upon specific methods and skills. If the hypothesis is proven false, the therapist must form a second hypothesis based upon the information gathered during the testing of the first (Selvini Palazzoli, et al, 1980; p.1) A fundamental point emphasized was that every hypothesis had to be systemic, therefore, include all components of the family. The hypothesis was seen as neither true or false but more or less useful. That is, it was used by the Milan group as more of an investigative tool. By investigating proposed hypotheses of the problem, whether they proved true or false, the hypothesis served its essential function of providing the team of therapists with new information. The second principle proposed by Milan systemic therapy was that of circularity. By circularity we mean the capacity of the therapist to conduct his investigation on the basis of feedback from the family in response to the information he solicits about relationships and, therefore, about difference and change (Selvini Palazzoli et al, 1980,p.4) The acquisition of such an ability demands that therapists free themselves from the linguistic and cultural condition that make them believe they are capable of thinking in terms of things so that they may rediscover the deeper truth that we still think only in terms of relationships (Bateson, 1968;p.173). Circular questioning has subsequently been described as both an information-gathering and a change-inducing procedure. According to Tomm the purpose of a systemic interview is not so much the removal of a problem but the discovery of its systemic connectedness and hence its temporal necessity (Tomm, 1985; p.44). The recognition of this necessity makes the need for alternatives self-evident and may result in a problem resolution that appears to be spontaneous (Tomm, 1985). The third principle was termed by the Milan group as neutrality: By neutrality of the therapist we mean a specific pragmatic effect that his total behaviour during the session exerts on the family (and not his intrapsychic disposition). (Selvini Palazzoli et al, 1980; p.6). Ideally if the principle of neutrality is maintained throughout a family session, the family members should feel that the therapist had not sided or supported any one family member in particular. Instead the Milan- systemic therapist builds successive alliances, the end result of which is that the therapist is allied with everyone and no one at the same time. The therapist works to provoke feedback and collects information, the more the therapist does this the less apt to make moral judgements of any kind. It is also the responsibility of the therapist to observe and neutralize as early as possible any attempt towards coalition, seduction, or privileged relationships with the therapist made by any member or subgroup of the family (Selvini Palazzoli et al, 1980). Social Constructionist approach The Social Constructionist approach is based on the reality that the therapist observes is created, with perceptions being shaped by the therapists own cultures and his/her ingrained assumptions and beliefs. This approach is influencing many systemic therapists and has led to an examination of how language shapes problem perceptions and definitions ( Asen, 2002). Family therapists are interested in the active process of meaning-making and the greater variation of possibilities the inherent ideas in particular discourses and the ideas that had been excluded (Boston, 2000). If the narratives in which clients describe their experience- or have their experience reported by mental health professionals- do not fit these experiences, then significant aspects of their lived experience will contradict the dominant narrative (White Epston, 1990: cited in Asen, 2002) and be experienced as problematic. Narrative Therapy Systemic narrative therapy proposes to help families to produce and evolve new stories and ways of understanding events to make sense of their experiences. Family and therapist together co-construct new ways of describing the individual and related family issues so that they no longer need to be viewed or experienced as problematic (Asen, 2002). Brief solution-focused therapy In brief solution-focused therapy, the problem drenched ways of talking are deliberately ignored, with the focus instead on the patterns of previous attempted solutions (De Shazer, 1985). The approach is based on the observation that symptoms and problems have a tendency to ebb and flow. During times when a symptom is less or not present, the therapist designs therapeutic strategies around the exceptions, as they form the basis of the solution. The theory postulates that by encouraging families to amplify the solution patterns of their lives, the problem patterns can be driven into the background (Asen, 2002; 231). Psychoeducational approaches Psychoeducational approaches (Leff et al, 1982; Anderson, 1983) combine behavioural interventions with structural approaches. Family members are educated about the causes and the course of the individuals mental health problem. The general aim of therapy is to reduce the emotional intensity in the family as well as the degree of physical proximity (Asen, 2002). One of the main important aspects of this approach are regular relatives groups- to share experiences and solutions- and family sessions (Kuipers et al, 2002) (Asen, 2002). Behavioural family and couple therapy Behavioural family and couple therapy views the family as a major health-enhancing resource, with each member doing his/her very best to maximise pleasant and minimise unpleasant events in the family unit and the immediate social environment (Asen, 2002). Therapists in this framework employ such things as contingency contracting or operant conditioning to illicit behavioural change. After observation and analysis of recounted family or couple interactions, concrete goals for change are targeted by both family and therapist. The therapists and families work together on behaviours which can be easily modified and changed. Initially the focus is on positive feelings, ideas and plans and once some progress has been made, the focus shifts to the expression of negative feelings, in a constructive manner so that problem resolution can be facilitated (Asen, 2002). The therapist then adopts a structured- problem solving stance to encourage family members to agree on the problems and goals, di scuss solutions and to highlight advantages and disadvantages of each proposed solution. Finally an implementation plan is put in place and the family and therapist continually review the efforts and results (Falloon, 1988). Summary In summary there are extremely diverse systemic approaches which have developed since the initial application of systems theories to therapy in the 1950s. In its very conception, systemic therapy challenged the psychiatric/medical prevailing attitudes of the time and offered an alternative to the oppressive practices of stigmatization, isolation, confinement and enforced treatments. The innovative idea of externalising the problem to the individuals wider systems and a fierce commitment to positive connotation has had a major impact on current therapeutic interventions. In addition to this, the premise of enlisting family members or system members as therapeutic agents, surrounds the individual experiencing difficulties with an invaluable support system. The next section of this paper highlights the impact and contribution of systemic ideas to therapeutic practice by discussing the evidence base for anorexia, schizophrenia and child-focused problems. ANOREXIA NERVOSA Over the past two decades family therapy has gradually established itself as an important treatment approach in eating disorders. It has been found to be particularly effective in adolescent anorexia nervosa. Its impact to the treatment of anorexia nervosa, particularly in adolescent sufferers could be considered to be one of Family therapys greatest contributions in a clinical setting. There is a consistent body of empirical evidence for the effectiveness of family -based treatments which adds significant weight to the earlier clinical and theoretical accounts of some of the pioneers of family therapy such as Minuchin (Minuchin et al. 1975) and the Milan group (Selvini Palazzoli et al. 1974) and has undoubtedly been one of the important factors in the major changes in the treatment of eating disorders that the field has witnessed in the past 20 years (Eisler, 2002). However in contradiction, alongside the evidence for the effectiveness of family therapy, there has also been growing evidence that the theoretical foundations from which this treatment has evolved are flawed. The psychosomatic family model proposed by Minuchin et al (1978) suggested that there was a specific family context within which the eating disorder developed. It was suggested that a particular family process evolved around the symptomatic behaviour in interaction with vulnerability in the child and the childs role as mediator in cross generational alliances (Minuchin et al. 1975) (cited in Eisler, 2002). Minuchin et al. (1975) emphasised the evolving and interactive nature of the process and saw the resulting psychosomatic family as a necessary condition for the development of the eating disorder. The evidence for the psychosomatic family is weak and more recent findings have indicated that families in which an eating disorder sufferer is present are heterogenous group. This heterogeneity is not only with respect to socio-demographic characteristics but also in terms of the nature of the relationships within the family and the emotional climate and patterns of interactions (Eisler 1995). Regardless of whether the family has an impact on the aetiology of the eating disorder, the major impact of an eating disorder, on family life, cannot be denied. As time goes on food, eating behaviours and the concerns that they give rise to begin to permeate the entire family fabric, every relationship in the family, influencing daily family routines, coping and problem solving behaviours.(Eisler, 2002, p.292). Due to the monumental impact of the disorder on the entire family, an intervention that includes the entire family seems logical. The most important facet of systemic therapy is that the family is seen as resource. It is important to explore with the family where things have got stuck and to help them to re-discover some of the resources that they have as a family so that they can become unstuck and start looking for new solutions to the problems (Eisler, 2002). As mentioned previously there is a growing body of evidence for the effectiveness of systemic family therapy in the treatment of anorexia, in particular adolescent anorexia nervosa. The initial studies were uncontrolled follow up studies. The first study of family therapy with patients with a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa was conducted by Minuchin and colleagues (1975). Their study involved 53 anorexic patients, just over half of whom started receiving inpatient treatment in conjunction with family therapy. Some patients were also seen individually. The results were extremely positive, the researchers reported a recovery rate of 86%, however the study has been heavily criticised for its methodological weaknesses (the evaluations were conducted by members of the clinical team, there was no comparison treatment and the length of follow-up varied from 18 months to 7 years ) (Eisler, 2002). A similar study conducted by Martin (1985) showed positive results comparable to that of Minuchin and colleagues study. The research was a five year follow up of 25 adolescent anorexia nervosa patients (mean age 14.9 years), with a short duration of illness (8.1 months). At the end of the treatment period there had been significant improvements, although only 23% would have met the Morgan/Russel criteria for good outcome, 45% for intermediate outcome and 32% poor outcome. The results at follow-up were 80% having good outcome, 4% intermediate and the remaining patients either still in treatment (12%) or relapsed (4%). Two other studies (Dare, 1983; Mayer, 1994) used family therapy as the only treatment intervention and found that 90% of patients had made significant improvements or were recovered at follow up. However, both of these studies were small (12 and 11 patients). A third lager study, conducted by Stierlin weber, (1987, 1989), took place with families seen at the Heidelberg Centre over a period of 10 years and adds to the evidence that adolescents and probably also young adults, do well in family therapy (Eisler, 2002). To date there has not been very many randomized clinical trials in anorexia nervosa and the few that there is having been relatively small. Russell and colleagues (1987), compared family therapy and individual therapy and found that adolescent patients with a short duration faired significantly better with family therapy than the control treatment (individual therapy). The findings were however, inconclusive for those with duration of illness of more than three years who mostly had a poor outcome. Eisler (1997), conducted a five-year follow up of this study and showed that in the adolescent subgroup who had a short history of illness, those who received family therapy continued to do well with 90% having a good outcome. In comparison while those that had received the individual therapy also improved, nearly half still had significant eating disorder symptoms. This finding suggests that the benefits of family therapy can still be detected, 5 years after the end of treatment (Eisler, 2 002). Several other important studies have compared different types of family therapy. Two such studies were Eisler et al (2000), and LeGrange and colleagues (1992). Both researchers compared Conjoint Family Therapy (CFT) and Separated Family Therapy (SFT) in which the adolescent was seen on their own and the parents were seen in a separate session with the same therapist. Overall, the results of both studies showed improvements in both the CFT group and the SFT group. The study by Eisler and colleagues, suggested that on individual psychological measures and measures of family functioning there was significantly more change in the CFT group. Similarly, a study by Robin et al (1999), also investigated the differences between two forms of family therapy. Researchers compared conjoint family therapy, which they described as behavioural family systems therapy BFST, with ego-orientated individual therapy EOIT. The EOIT consisted of individual therapy for the patient on a weekly basis, combined with fortnightly meetings with the parents. Robin and colleagues, (1999) found that by the end of treatment, both the BFST (similar to the Eisler, CFT group ) and the EOIT group patients had significantly improved, with 67% reaching target weight by the end of treatment. A one year follow up found that 75% had reached their target weight. The research found that BFST led to significantly greater weight gain than EOIT both at the end of treatment and at follow-up (Robin et al. 1999). Both groups produced comparably large improvements in eating attitudes, depression and self-reported eating-related family conflict. Furthermore a decreas e in maternal negative communication and an increase in positive communication was found in the BFST group but not the EOIT group. In summary, the overall consistent findings of these studies is that adolescents with anorexia appear to respond better to systemic family therapy, and often without the need for inpatient treatment (Eisler, 2002). Conclusions about the comparisons between different kinds of family therapy have to be examined more carefully. This is mainly due to the small size and small number of comparative studies (Eisler, 2002). It seems apparent that those treatments which encourage the parents to take an active role in tackling the adolescents anorexia are the most effective. According to Eisler, 2002, these therapies may have some advantages by over involving the parents in a way that is supportive and understanding of the adolescent, but encourages them to step back from the eating problem. Furthermore it has been suggested that not involving the parents in the treatment at all, leads to the worst outcome and may considerably delay recovery of the patient. However it should be noted that seei ng whole families in which there are high levels of hostility or criticism, may be disadvantageous to the individual with anorexia. According to Szmuckler and colleagues, 1985, such families may be difficult to engage with and this may be even more salient when the whole family is seen together. During family sessions feelings of guilt and blame may be increased as a consequence of criticisms or confrontations brought up during the family therapy session (Squire-Dehouck, 1993). SCHIZOPHRENIA Providing family intervention therapy for individuals with schizophrenia is widely accepted as being beneficial to the both to the individual with schizophrenia and their families. Both the NICE (2003) and PORT (Lehman et al., 1998) guidelines recommend some kind of family work or family intervention for schizophrenia (Bertrando, 2006). Its efficacy with treating individuals with Schizophrenia could also be considered one of systemic family therapies major contributions to clinical practice. Although there is considerable variability in the format of systemic-family based interventions, they tend to share a common set of assumptions. Firstly schizophrenia is regarded as an illness; secondly, the family environment is not implicated in the etiology of the illness. Third, support is provided and families are enlisted as therapeutic agents and lastly the interventions are part of a treatment package used in conjunction with routine drug treatment and outpatient clinical management (Lam, 1991; Dixon Lehman, 1995). The elements of family interventions most frequently used in differing combinations are psycho-education, behavioural problem solving, family support, and crisis management (Dixon Lehman, 1995). It is clear that effective family treatments involve at least some conjoint family meetings which include symptomatic and non-symptomatic family members. Emphasis is placed on blame reduction, the positive role which family members can play in the rehabilitation on the person experiencing difficulties and the degree to which family intervention will alleviate the familys burden of care (Carr, 2000). One helpful aspect of systemic -family intervention is that it provides family members with an explanation or framing of the condition which provides a rationale for reducing family stress, increasing family support and active coping and arranging for the person with schizophrenia to adhere to the prescribed medication regime (Carr, 2000; 284). Initially a study by Brown (1972) found that people with schizophrenia from families that expressed high levels of criticism, hostility, or, over-involvement have more frequent relapses than individuals with similar problems from families that tended to be less expressive of their emotions. There are now several interventions available to families involving education, support and management to reduce expressed emotion etc. (Pharoah et al, 2006). The aim of such family interventions is to reduce stress within the families and subsequently by doing so reduce the levels of relapse. Interventions are proposed to accompany drug treatments rather than to be used as an alternative (Pharoah et al, 2006). A review by Mari, (1996), found that family interventions in Schizophrenia significantly reduced hospital admissions at one year follow up. Further to this, the most recent review carried out by Pharoah and colleagues, (2006) lends support to Maris, (1996) original finding and up to date evidence suggests that family intervention does statistically and significantly reduce hospital admissions at one year (Pharoah et al, 2006). In addition, at 18 month follow up, family intervention was still found to significantly reduce levels of admission to hospital. A study lending support to this hypothesis, reported that total number of days spent in hospital at 3 months was significantly lower for individuals that had received family interventions. Another study by Xiong (1994) cited by Pharoah (2006), favoured family intervention. The authors reported that 33 individuals receiving family intervention , spent on average 7.9 days in hospital by the end of 1 year follow up period, compared to 28 controls who spent on average 24 days in hospital. In terms of effect of family intervention on the families or relatives of the individual with schizophrenia, a study by Bloch, (1995), pointed that familys ability to cope with the illness was not clearly increased by family intervention. However, the study did report that the families understanding of the patients needs were statistically increased by family intervention. In contrast Szmuckler, (2003), reported on continuous measures of coping by the carers and found ambiguous results with no benefit been shown for those in intervention group compared to controls. However studies have proven that family intervention decreases significantly the levels of criticism and hostility compared to groups not receiving family therapy (Tarrier, 1988). Increased understanding of an individuals difficulties with schizophrenia, coupled with decreased levels of hostility and criticism towards that person, can be viewed a significant and important contribution of systemic therapy to dealing with th is condition. There is also evidence to suggest that family intervention is favourable when compared to standard care. A study by Chen, (2002; cited in Pharoah, 2006), reported that at the end of 1 year follow up, family therapy intervention did significantly reduce relapse rates of patients. Zhao, (2000), found that at 2 year follow up rates were again significantly lower in the family intervention groups. Furthermore studies looking at relapse rates at 3 year follow up also favoured family therapy (cited in Pharoah, 2006). In their review, Pharoah and colleagues, (2006), concluded that people receiving family therapy may relapse less than standard care groups. However it is noted by the authors that unpublished and inaccessible smaller negative studies that could not be included in the current review, and may weaken the overall findings (Pharoah, 2006). But at the moment the best available evidence suggests that approximate number of families needed to be given Family Intervention in order to avoid the relapse of 1 patient at the end of 1 year, is 8. The impression of better overall global improvement in family intervention groups is supported by several other studies (Xiang, 1994; Ran, 2003; cited in Pharoah, 2006). Family intervention was not shown to either hinder or promote the completion of one year of therapy , however findings do suggest that family therapy does promote compliance of individuals with schizophrenia and medication (Pharoah, 2006). The authors propose that it can be speculated that this is the reason that family Intervention has its main effect. Hogart, (1997), suggests that although compliance with medication was indeed improved by family

Advertising in America :: Essays Papers

Advertising in America Most Americans have excessive desire to gain wealth and marketers thrive on this. People dream of making lots of money quickly and without working very hard to get it. Another scenario of people wanting to gain wealth is getting something free. Marketers know that when they advertise getting something for free or getting money quickly, they will gain the consumers attention. When marketers advertise that there is an amount such as $85 million up for grabs people will easily invest their money no matter what the odds are. People love thinking about becoming a millionaire by spending as little as a dollar. An example of an advertisement that helps feed on the consumer willingness to spend money just for the chance to become a millionaire is the Power Ball commercial. The Power Ball advertisement ran on TV saying, â€Å"Add a buck power up,† is reinforcing the idea that playing the lottery gives back. How often does one hear the chances of winning the lottery in the advertisements for the lottery? The fact is that many Americans are brainwashed into believing that risking a dollar does usually give back in huge amounts. The odds of winning the Power Ball jackpot are 1 in 80,089,128 or .0000012% according to the Pennsylvania Lottery Web Site. Quite a few people spend hundreds of dollars on lottery tickets each year, not realizing how much money they are losing. They just keep spending their annual dollar a day and do not even think about the amount of money they have lost over the long period of time. People seem to especially get addicted with scratch off lottery tickets when they when win five, ten or twenty dollars. From my experience when the prize money is under twenty dollars involving scratch off lottery tickets they often spend it on buying more lottery tickets. Gambling with money is an addiction that is notacknowledged in America like smoking or drinking addictions.There is more money obsession in America besides the lottery, take peoplegetting their tax money back quicker. A new advertisement of H&R Block that has comeout recently is aimed toward tax-payers getting their tax refund back more quickly. The commercial shows a man pulling up to an H&R Block office in a minivan with a pregnant woman in labor. Screaming, the woman in labor ask furiously why he stopped at the H&R Block office, his response was that he needed to get some quick cash. Advertising in America :: Essays Papers Advertising in America Most Americans have excessive desire to gain wealth and marketers thrive on this. People dream of making lots of money quickly and without working very hard to get it. Another scenario of people wanting to gain wealth is getting something free. Marketers know that when they advertise getting something for free or getting money quickly, they will gain the consumers attention. When marketers advertise that there is an amount such as $85 million up for grabs people will easily invest their money no matter what the odds are. People love thinking about becoming a millionaire by spending as little as a dollar. An example of an advertisement that helps feed on the consumer willingness to spend money just for the chance to become a millionaire is the Power Ball commercial. The Power Ball advertisement ran on TV saying, â€Å"Add a buck power up,† is reinforcing the idea that playing the lottery gives back. How often does one hear the chances of winning the lottery in the advertisements for the lottery? The fact is that many Americans are brainwashed into believing that risking a dollar does usually give back in huge amounts. The odds of winning the Power Ball jackpot are 1 in 80,089,128 or .0000012% according to the Pennsylvania Lottery Web Site. Quite a few people spend hundreds of dollars on lottery tickets each year, not realizing how much money they are losing. They just keep spending their annual dollar a day and do not even think about the amount of money they have lost over the long period of time. People seem to especially get addicted with scratch off lottery tickets when they when win five, ten or twenty dollars. From my experience when the prize money is under twenty dollars involving scratch off lottery tickets they often spend it on buying more lottery tickets. Gambling with money is an addiction that is notacknowledged in America like smoking or drinking addictions.There is more money obsession in America besides the lottery, take peoplegetting their tax money back quicker. A new advertisement of H&R Block that has comeout recently is aimed toward tax-payers getting their tax refund back more quickly. The commercial shows a man pulling up to an H&R Block office in a minivan with a pregnant woman in labor. Screaming, the woman in labor ask furiously why he stopped at the H&R Block office, his response was that he needed to get some quick cash.

Economics: Foreign Direct Investment

What impact will the prospect of deprivatization have on investment by managers of privatized firms? The prospect of deprivatization will impact managers of privatized firms because under this policy, certain past privatization would be declare illegal and the transactions would be reversed. These privatized firms would have to be either run as a state-owned enterprise or sold to another party.This will affect managers of privatized firms in that they may not have the power to make decisions on their own, decisions will be made by the state and this may limit levels of efficiencies in these firms, also the firms may not respond quickly to changing market conditions due to long process of decision making. What effect will deprivation have on foreign investment in Russia? Many of the private buyers were foreign companies and inventors and their idea was to move from a centrally planned economy to a market system.The courts would that the company’s initial privatization was illeg al. They suggested that the company was to be resold. Deprivatization will discourage foreign direct investment, this is because investors will fear the occurrence of such a situation in the future and therefore will prefer to invest in other regions. There are some factors that encourage foreign direct investment which include political stability and well defined property rights and when investors learn that political influences will occur they will not invest.Foreign direct investment has advantages in that it increases job opportunities, pay taxes to the government from profits earned, lead to the sharing of information and technologies and also stimulates economic growth, in future less foreign direct investment will decline and these advantages will not be realized. Who gains from deprivatization? Who losses? State-owned enterprises that were privatized loses. Managers who lost their obs when new investors entered the picture gain deprivatization. Investors have over the years developed the firms they acquired and this has added value to the firms over the years, previous loss making firms have been improved by these investors who have converted the firms into profit making firms. Therefore when the investors are deprived off their firms they will loose and the individuals, government or investors who are accorded the firm will gain.In some cases where products produced by the government are subsidized then privatization leads to an increase in prices, when the government owns these firms then the consumers will experience a reduction in the price of goods and services produced by these firms and therefore gain. Assuming more people are hurt by deprivatization than helped, why would a local politician support such a policy?Politicians want mass deprivatization of these firms due to some disadvantages they cause in the economy, one of this disadvantage is that foreign investors will repatriate profits to their home country and therefore does not benefit th e host country, the other problem is that they bring stiff competition to the various industries and host country firms will close down due to competition. Finally the politicians will want investors in the country to invest in these firms and not foreigners and they will not want illegal allocation of these resources to some individuals.The performances of a government in power is required to safe guard state property and not transfer property to individuals, for this reason therefore politicians may want to increase government popularity by safeguarding public property by deprivatization. The public owned firms in the market are seen as a tool to further the government goals, when the government acquires these firms then it will be possible for the government to further economic and social goals in the whole nation.Finally private firms may be producing less than the demanded amount, this is because the private owners aim at increasing profits in the short run but the state will h ave long term goals and therefore these firms will be used to implement policies that will have long term benefits rather than short term. References James A. Brickley. Clifford W Smith, Jr. and Jerold L. Zimmerman (2009) Mangerial Economics and Organizational Architecture(5th Ed. ) McGraw Hill Publishing. Thomas Parland (2005) The Extreme Nationalist Threat in Russia: The Growing Influence of Western Rightist Ideas, Routledge Publishers, New York

U.S. States Ranked by Area

The United States is the worlds third largest country by area, ranked behind Russia and Canada. Within that large are 50 states that vary widely in area. The largest state, Alaska, is more than 400 times larger than Rhode Island, the smallest state.  Including water features, Alaska is 663,267 square miles. In contrast, Rhode Island is a mere 1,545 square miles, and 500 square miles of that is Narragansett Bay. A Big Area Does Not Mean a Big Population Texas is bigger than California, making it the largest state of the 48 contiguous states, but measured by population, the rankings are reversed. California is the most populous state with  39,776,830 residents, according to 2017 U.S. Census estimates, while Texas had a population  of  28,704,330. The Lone Star State may be catching up, though, with a growth rate of 1.43 percent in 2017 compared with 0.61 percent for California. When ranked by population, Alaska drops to 48th place. Alaska  Is Larger Than the Next Three States Combined By area, Alaska is so large that it is larger than the next three states combined—Texas, California, and Montana—and is more than twice the size of second-ranked Texas. According to the State of Alaskas official website, its one-fifth the size of the lower 48 states. Alaska stretches about 2,400 miles east to west and 1,420 miles north to south. Including islands, the state has 6,640 miles of coastline (measured from point to point) and 47,300 miles of tidal shoreline.   Rhode Island Is the Smallest Rhode Island measures just 37 miles east to west and 48 miles north to south.  The states total boundary length is 160 miles. In area, Rhode Island could fit in Alaska  nearly 486 times. The next smallest state by  area  is Delaware at 2,489 square miles, followed by Connecticut, which at 5,543 square miles is more than three times the size of Rhode Island and more than twice the size of Delaware. If it were a state, the District of Columbia would be the smallest at just  68.34  square miles of which  61.05 square miles  is land and 7.29 square miles is water. Big Country West of the Mississippi The 10 largest states by area are located west of the Mississippi River:  Alaska, Texas, California, Montana, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, Oregon, and Wyoming.   7 Smallest Are in the Northeast The seven smallest states—Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Connecticut, Delaware, and Rhode Island—are in the Northeast and are among the 13 original colonies. The Ranking of States by Area in Square Miles This includes water features that are part of that state. Alaska - 663,267Texas - 268,580California - 163,695Montana - 147,042New Mexico - 121,589Arizona - 113,998Nevada - 110,560Colorado - 104,093Oregon - 98,380Wyoming - 97,813Michigan - 96,716Minnesota - 86,938Utah - 84,898Idaho - 83,570Kansas - 82,276Nebraska - 77,353South Dakota - 77,116Washington - 71,299North Dakota - 70,699Oklahoma - 69,898Missouri - 69,704Florida - 65,754Wisconsin - 65,497Georgia - 59,424Illinois - 57,914Iowa - 56,271New York - 54,556North Carolina - 53,818Arkansas - 53,178Alabama - 52,419Louisiana - 51,839Mississippi - 48,430Pennsylvania - 46,055Ohio - 44,824Virginia - 42,774Tennessee - 42,143Kentucky - 40,409Indiana - 36,417Maine - 35,384South Carolina - 32,020West Virginia - 24,229Maryland - 12,406Hawaii - 10,930Massachusetts - 10,554Vermont - 9,614New Hampshire - 9,349New Jersey - 8,721Connecticut - 5,543Delaware - 2,489Rhode Island - 1,545