SBS Leaving the ABC Unaccountable Essay -- Media

Introduction Whether the ABC broadcasts content sufficiently diverse to meet their original intent is widely debated among modern media scholars (Alexander 173). The creation of the SBS allowed the ABC to remain unaccountable in terms of their original purpose to provide high quality, impartial and educational broadcasting for a culturally and linguistically diverse audience. It is critical to understand the original purpose of the ABC’s creation, where and how the ABC failed to fulfill this purpose and how the SBS filled the niche left by the ABC’s downfalls. An evaluation of the ABC’s broadcast schedule for the first week of May 2012 will be included to provide current evidence for whether the ABC is fulfilling their purpose. Before we can evaluate ABC’s downfalls and why are in fact downfalls we must first understand what the original intent of establishing the ABC was. The ABC’S Purpose The ABC is an independent statutory authority whose role and function is established in legislation (Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 1998). The legislation under which the ABC was establish is the Australian Broadcasting Corporation Act of 1983 also know as the ABC charter, it outlines broadcasting, programming and service requirements that as a whole aim to provide a sense of national identity through high standards of diversified content (Austrain Broadcasting Corporation, 1983). Section 6 of the ABC Charter outlines that the ABC amongst other things must: 1. â€Å"provide within Australia innovative and comprehensive broadcasting services of a high standard, 2. provide programs that contribute to a sense of national identity and inform and entertain, and reflect the cultural diversity of, the Australian community, 3. prov... ...issues-bias-funding-sponsorship/is-the-abc-biased/abc-bias-verdict-from-the-government-appointed Minchin, N. (2012, April 29). Climate Change - What the ABC edited out. No Carbon Tax Climat Sceptics Blog . Munsie, J. (2012). ACMA’s Ruling on Kyle Sandilands – Toothless Tiger or the Kitten Who Roared? Addisons Commercial Lawyers, Addisons Focus Papers. Addisons Commercial Lawyers. Nova, J. (2012, April 27). ABC Biased. Scientist Matthew England, outrageous error or dishonest? Nick Minchin owed an apology. Jo Nova . Reynolds, H. (2012, Feb 14). A very British summer on your ABC. Retrieved May 20, 2012, from Inside Story : http://inside.org.au/a-very-british-summer-on-your-abc/ SBS. (2009). Annual Report 2008-2009. Annual Report, SBS, Sydney. SECRC. (2011). Inquiry into recent ABC programming decisions. Senate Environment and Communications References Committee .

Essay --

2) The Three Main Fashion Centres Within France Paris, Lyon and Marseille are not only the three largest cities in France, but they are also the main fashion centres in the country. Each city has played a unique role in shaping France as a fashion mecca. France has been called the world fashion capital for many decades. France’s capital and largest city, Paris is home some of the world’s most elite French fashion houses. The Golden Triangle is a name given to Avenue Champs- Élysà ©es, Avenue Marceau, and Avenue Montaigne, the main districts for luxury shopping in Paris. These areas boast stores of the highest names in fashion such as Chanel, Dior, Hermes, Louis Vuitton, Christian Louboutin, Balmain and many more. There are also many high-end department stores like Printemps, Bon Marchà ©, and Les Galeries Lafayette, which draw thousands of locals and tourist every day. Other districts, like La Marais are home to many smaller boutiques, and much more affordable shops. It seems as though everywhere you turn in Paris, there are luxurious fashion houses, contemporary boutiques, and unique t... Essay -- 2) The Three Main Fashion Centres Within France Paris, Lyon and Marseille are not only the three largest cities in France, but they are also the main fashion centres in the country. Each city has played a unique role in shaping France as a fashion mecca. France has been called the world fashion capital for many decades. France’s capital and largest city, Paris is home some of the world’s most elite French fashion houses. The Golden Triangle is a name given to Avenue Champs- Élysà ©es, Avenue Marceau, and Avenue Montaigne, the main districts for luxury shopping in Paris. These areas boast stores of the highest names in fashion such as Chanel, Dior, Hermes, Louis Vuitton, Christian Louboutin, Balmain and many more. There are also many high-end department stores like Printemps, Bon Marchà ©, and Les Galeries Lafayette, which draw thousands of locals and tourist every day. Other districts, like La Marais are home to many smaller boutiques, and much more affordable shops. It seems as though everywhere you turn in Paris, there are luxurious fashion houses, contemporary boutiques, and unique t...

Isabel Allendes The House of the Spirits Essay examples -- Isabel All

Isabel Allende's The House of the Spirits In many novels, relationships shape a character. Throughout Isabel Allende's The House of the Spirits dissimilar individuals constantly come together to form relationships that change or develop their disposition. While Allende uses relationships to build upon a character, she also depicts a character's living environment in order to confirm their true soul and lifestyle. Due to the observation of both relationships and environments, a character's true qualities are expressed to a reader. The relationship between two individuals, Ferula and Clara, proves itself a positive product of the union of differing people. Through analysis of Ferula's home and close observation of her bond with Clara, Allende reveals Ferula's true character as she illustrates Ferula's dramatic change from a desolate soul to the selfless and loving character that molds Clara into the confident woman she aspires to. Ferula's life story, the desolation of her soul, and the connection she eventually has with Clara all became evident in the mere description of her living environment. At one point in the novel, Clara wrote of her experience in the vicinity of Ferula?s home. Clara explained that ?The tenement was a long passageway of ruined houses, all exactly the same; small impoverished dwellings built of cement, each with a single door and two windows. They were painted in drab colors and their peeling walls were linked across the narrow passageway by wires hung from side to side. [She] walked deeper into the neighborhood, avoiding puddles of dirty water that overflowed from the gutters and dodging piles of garbage in which cats were digging like silent shadows. In the center of the little... ...ship with Clara, Ferula became one of the most dynamic characters within The House of the Spirits. From ?ruined houses? to a life giving ?fountain? Allende demonstrated the great transformation of Ferula?s soul from complete desolation to true love. The bond she shared with Clara proved itself as one that could not compare to any others within the novel. Clara ?always was thinking of [Ferula]?(152), demonstrating the great impression Ferula left with her. No other relationships developed such a transformation as did this one. Truly, Ferula?s love influenced Clara?s life and molded her heart with the love and confidence that forever remained in the Trueba household and its memories. Works Cited: Allende, Isabel. The House of the Spirits. Trans. Magda Bogin. New York: Bantam Books, 1986. Trans. of La casa de los espiritus. Barcelona: Plaza and James. 1982.

The Issues Of Investing In Wind Power Environmental Sciences Essay

Buying and put ining a little air current power generator for your place is a undertaking that requires significant investing. Small wind generators can be you anyplace from $ 2000-6000 per kilowatt. As such, even the smallest air current turbine – i.e. a 5kV generator – can be you about $ 10,000. As such, it is intrinsic that you consider a few issues before you invest a majority of money in a little air current power generator to cut down your future public-service corporation costs Regional Wind Speed This is one factor that most people miss out on when make up one's minding to purchase a little air current power generator, and it is due to this that most people complain about air current power generators. Get to cognize the mean air current velocity in your country before purchasing a air current turbine. Subsequently, when you go to buy a air current turbine, expression at the sum of air current velocity it requires for declared power coevals. Most people deny this and frequently stop up kicking about non acquiring what they want. Remember, little air current generators require ample wind velocity and as such you should look up the air current velocity statistics and choose the appropriate air current power generator. On or Off-Grid First of wholly, you should make up one's mind whether you will be linking your little air current power generator to the power grid or non. If you decide to maintain it off-grid, you will be farther required to buy batteries and an inverter to hive away the extra energy and utilize it subsequently onwards. If you decide to link your generator to the grid, it wo n't be you much and you will be able to sell the extra energy generated to the local public-service corporation company. By and large, linking the generator to the power grid is preferred as it consequences in larger decrease in public-service corporation measures. Actual Capacity The declared capacity is ever mentioned sing the turbine invariably receives the ideal air current velocity and as such it is frequently extremely overstated. You should recognize that little air current generators do non work at their existent rated capacity ; alternatively, they merely produce 10-40 % of their stated capacity on a day-to-day norm. For case, a 1kW turbine will non bring forth 24kW in 24 hours, but alternatively it will bring forth 10-40 % of 24kW ; i.e. 2.4-9.6kW on a day-to-day footing. It is of import you realize this and maintain this in head while buying little air current generators. Area & A ; Placement of Wind Turbine By and large, it is said that a air current turbine should be placed at a tallness of 80ft for ideal air current velocity. However, there are a few issues when puting a air current turbine at such a tallness. Chiefly, if you are traveling to put a air current turbine at such a tallness you will be required to construct a tower of the same tallness on which the air current turbine will be placed. Furthermore, the tower will necessitate to be sturdy so that it is non destroyed in instance of high velocity air currents. Many legal powers do non let anything to be built in a residential country over the tallness of 35ft. In such instances, you will necessitate to get a edifice license from the local council or the several lodging authorization. If you are acute on puting your little air current power generator elsewhere, you will be required to supervise from which way and at which tallness of your house do you have ideal air current velocities. Remember that a air current turbine is dea rly-won and if you can non put it in countries of good air current velocity, it is a waste of money. At every point in make up one's minding to buy a air current power generator, you should maintain in head that little air current generators country a brawny investing. You should purchase one that is ideal for you or else all your invested clip and money will travel to waste. Article 2 – Why Home Wind Power Is Good? Environmentally Friendly In the face of issues such as planetary heating and depletion of non-renewable natural resources, one of today ‘s major issues is utilizing environmentally friendly merchandises. One of the most obvious advantages of utilizing place air current power is, hence, doing usage of renewable beginning of energy ( air current ) to bring forth energy. This in bend frees the non-renewable resources such as coal and oil for other utilizations. Windmills or weave turbines minimise the harm done to environment compared to utilize of coal and oil for the same which release toxic exhausts that have led to ozone depletion. Cost Salvaging Furthermore, the cost of operation of place air current power is drastically low compared to other beginnings. Although the initial capital cost possibly high, consecutive cost of operation remains highly low. Hence, the option is cost-efficient and has the potency for tremendous nest eggs for today ‘s cash-starved clients. In some states, the authoritiess have besides initiated revenue enhancement freedoms for families that survive on place air current power. In some provinces the cost of the equipment is written off against the person ‘s income that consequences in lower nonexempt income and hence, income revenue enhancement. Other provinces may let revenue enhancement interruptions for families utilizing place air current power as good. Customers besides benefit from lower electricity measures. Always Powered Possibly, a noteworthy advantage of utilizing place air current power is that this system is dependable and families do n't hold to endure from deficiency of electricity due to power outages. Hence, in states with terrible power crises and burden casting issues, this system of place air current power ensures power even when there are blackouts. Furthermore, clients no longer necessitate to trust on grid Stationss for supply of electricity ; they become self-sufficing with domestic air current power turbines and windmills. Besides, the operation is highly straightforward and hassle free and does non necessitate complicated processs of installing. Home wind turbines are one manner of bring forthing air current power and they significantly cut down C emanations. It, hence, leads to a greener environment. By hive awaying fresh air current energy, wastage of the renewable resource is reduced. Good Investing Wind power equipment is treated as an investing. Its lifespan extends by more than twenty old ages. The usage of air current power non merely helps families salvage money but besides helps them do money. On high air current yearss families are able to sell power to grid Stationss and they might acquire paid for it by electric companies where the province allows. It is highly good for places located near the national grid. Families can hive away extra air current on a blowy twenty-four hours and so sell it subsequently to the national grid. Although air current turbines are normally tall vertically, they take up really small infinite vertically and are, hence, convenient to topographic point in little houses. They besides free up the staying land or infinite for other utilizations. Furthermore, by geting the air current power installation the resale value of residential places increases because the equipment is regarded as a place betterment and has reasonably low care costs. It is tr eated as a back-up beginning of energy as good ; hence, purchasers end up paying more for houses with this installation. Article 3 – Wind Power VS Solar Some parts of the equipment used in solar panels are frequently obtained by activities such as strip excavation and through significant harm to the environment which is non the instance with residential power generators. Residential air current power generators have a batch of traveling parts, whereas solar panels do non. Therefore, the operation of residential air current power generators is noisy compared to that of solar panels which is soundless. Residential air current power generators have lesser dependability and a shorter battery life ( from 10-20 ) old ages compared to solar power equipment that has a life of about 25 old ages. Furthermore, air current power equipment requires greater monitoring compared to solar power. It besides requires more expensive care compared to solar power. Besides, residential air current power generators are more conspicuous compared to solar panels that become less obvious when installed on rooftops. Installation with solar power is besides fast er compared to that of air current power and less overseas telegram is required. The former is besides less affected by harm by buoy uping and is besides less antipathetic to damage by high velocity air currents. Besides, in some states authoritiess are antipathetic to the thought of installing of residential air current power generators and permission is hard to obtain compared to that for solar power. Besides, the air current turbines and generators are risky to winging animals such as birds that get trapped into the fan and lose their life. Residential power generators can botch the attraction of a house by going excessively outstanding in the landscape. As a consequence the value of existent estate may travel down. Wind power equipment requires more infinite compared to that for solar power which can easy be built onto rooftops. Professionals of Wind Power One of the most obvious advantages of utilizing wind power is that they can utilize wind twenty-four hours or dark or 24 hours every bit long as air current is blowing, whereas, in the instance of solar power, energy can be obtained merely during daylight hours. Besides, the installing of residential air current power generators is frequently less expensive than that of solar power panels and the production of solar panels consumes greater resources. Furthermore, air current power frequently produces greater sum of energy compared to solar power which is suited for low-energy ingestion contraptions such as bear downing batteries etc. Cons of Wind Power End product from air current power is non as predictable and consistent as that from solar power, harmonizing to research by NASA. In countries where the mean air current velocity is less than 5 metre per second, solar power provides greater value for money compared to weave power. Its credibleness is farther weakened by issues such as dependence on velocity, strength and way of air current. The operation of air current power equipment is noisy and harmonizing to one research can bring forth the same noise as a auto traveling at the velocity of 70 miles per hour. The production of air current power equipment besides consequences in pollution ; hence, their usage is non free from pollution. Besides, one piece of air current power equipment has really small capacity compared to a solar panel and the largest capacity extends to merely 475 people. If this signifier of energy were to be used extensively in future, a batch of such equipment would necessitate to be manufactured. Article 4: Is Wind Power Apt for You Several factors need to borne in head before make up one's minding to utilize wind power. Geographic Considerations It is necessary to do certain there are n't any physical barriers or breaks in the signifier of skyscrapers, edifices, trees or hills near the place. Locations that are exposed are frequently the best for air current generators for place usage as they are non disrupted by any turbulency. Besides, it is necessary that the place is located in a blowy country. If the air current velocity is less than 5 meter/ second, the air current generators for place usage fail to work decently and do non bring forth coveted energy degrees. Besides at velocity less than 5 metres per second, air current generators for place usage become less cost effectual than solar panels. Furthermore, a really of import factor is whether the place is east unfastened or west unfastened. Wind generators for place usage mostly depend on the way of air current. If air current is in the opposite way so opportunities are high that the equipment wo n't work. The strength of air current is merely every bit of import as the velocity of air current. By and large, the higher the strength the better the public presentation of the air current generator for place usage ; nevertheless, if the strength is excessively much ( as in the instance of gales ) the equipment can be destroyed. Furthermore, air current power is of great benefit to the client if the place is located far off from the national grid. The public-service corporation of air current generators for place usage is maximized to those whose places are remotely located and are barren of electricity supply. Legal & A ; Aesthetic Considerations Legally, it is necessary to happen out whether there is demand for be aftering permission for installing of air current generators for place usage in the peculiar vicinity where the place is. Often little graduated table usage of air current power requires some kind of be aftering permission and authoritiess may be susceptible to the thought of air current turbines and generators as they are presumed to destruct the aesthetic attraction of a vicinity. Furthermore, if the occupants of the place intend to resell the place in close hereafter, they possibly averse to the thought of air current generators for place usage as they destroy the beauty and attraction of the house and might ensue in lower resale value. Other Considerations Furthermore, the size of the place is really of import. Wind power equipment by and large requires big infinite, particularly 1s with big energy capacity. Besides it is of import to put precedences, that is, does the place need a changeless power supply or can it make without one. One of the major grounds for utilizing wind power is to minimise losingss originating from burden casting or blackouts. Wind power is besides used for exigency intents ; hence, it is indispensable to make up one's mind whether the house needs energy in times of power cuts. It is besides indispensable to find the income degree of the family. If the income degrees are high opportunities are that the usage of air current power may non look really convincing as the family possibly able to boom on the usage of coal or gas powered generators and manage to pay immense electricity measures. Article 5: Cost of Wind Power Capital Costss These include the cost of turbines, blades and any other constituent that is built on the top of the towers. A broad assortment of makers are available. Vestas, GE, Mitsubishi are some of them. The cost of air current power varies with makers. Furthermore, the cost depends on whether the stuff is imported or local. Costss related to interconnection such as substations are besides included. These are needed to let the air current farm to acquire entree to transmittal lines. Furthermore a connexion to the grid station possibly required if the client wishes to provide the national grid station with extra electricity. These costs vary with the terrain ( they are higher in cragged or rugged terrain ) every bit good as distance and handiness of rights. Legal Costss Cost of obtaining be aftering permission from the authorities can besides be important constituent of the overall cost of air current power and depend on the grade to which authorities of the province are inclined towards the thought of utilizing wind power. State blessing every bit good as local zone blessing is required. This includes fees of attorneies, lobbyists every bit good as applied scientists. When seeking legal blessing, of import considerations might include taking into history possible harm to vicinity ( in footings of noise pollution ) or to the aesthetics of the town. Financing Costss Cost of funding possibly a really of import constituent. Since the cost of installing of air current power equipment is high, some families may see borrowing a loan and the rate of involvement on that loan may be considered as a possible funding cost. The cost of air current power varies and its deserving depends on the beginnings of finance available to the client. The cost of a system that is roof mounted sums to ?2,000. Larger installings range from $ 30,000 to $ 48,000 and include a revenue enhancement amounting to 5 % of the cost of installing. Tax freedoms of revenue enhancement interruptions possibly deducted from the overall cost. Other Costss These are costs associated with the force per unit area, way, velocity and variableness in air current. The sum of burden borne by the national grid every bit good as transmittal lines plays an of import function ; the higher the burden, the higher the costs of air current power. Cost of battery is another consideration here. Battery life may change from between 6 to 10 old ages. Research suggests that extremum end product occurs less than 30 % of the clip which means that there are costs associated with off-peak end product. Costss associated with insurance, and noise costs ( such as uncomfortableness to neighbours ) may besides be high. Besides, the cost of bird deceases caused by the operation of equipment is a societal cost of air current power. Repair and replacing costs The utile life of air current power equipment varies with the usual life changing between 10 to 20 old ages. Monitoring costs of air current power are normally high and replacing is costlier compared to other signifiers of energy.

Document Imaging and the Role of Health Information Management Essay

An automated record system will ultimately replace paper-based record to provide timely access to health information for health surveillance, resource planning, and health care delivery (e. g. , statistical reports can easily be generated to display health care trends, and so on) (Green & Bowie, 2004). According to Green & Bowie (2004), there are three types of automated record systems, which include: Electronic Health Record (EHR) or computer based patient record (CPR); Electronic Medical Record (EMR); and Optical Disk Imaging or Document Imaging. The high capacity physical media for storage of medical information, the increasing CPU power for processing complex images, and the advancement in the imaging and workflow technology has underpinned the growth of document systems (Armoni, 2000). Optical Disk Imaging or document imaging which provides an alternative to the traditional microfilm or remote storage systems because records are converted to an electronic image and saved on a storage media; optical disk imaging uses laser technology to create the image (Green & Bowie, 2004). Based on Green and Bowie (2004), a scanner is used to capture paper record images onto the storage media allowing for rapid automated retrieval of records. American Management System (AMS) architects an enterprise-wide workflow and imaging solution in support of health information management (HIM), financial services (PFS), and human resources processes (Armoni, 2000). Based on Armoni (2000), the AMS solution has eliminated the paper problem, saved record storage spaces, enhanced the productivity, and reduced labor cost. Most profound is the impact of the HIM management. Many headaches of the paper-based system have been eliminated as one physician user of the system commented, ‘†¦hours-long delays getting the old chart, lost medical record, charts lost, the need to store records off-campus, etc†¦ no longer occur with electronic medical records’ (qtd. n Armoni, 2000). As Armoni stated (2000), physicians are able to make better medical decisions with the system because they can access the patient’s records efficiently and timely from anywhere and at any time; the availability of the files for more than one person is a great advantage with the system; more importantly, the system is able to capture information more accurately, thus reducing the unnecessary errors while increasing the efficiency.

Analysis of John Howard Griffin’s “Black Like Me” Essay

John Howard Griffin’s research should undeniably be considered sociological. He began with a theory, if he became black he could help understand the difficulties between races as both a white man and a black man in the south and with this knowledge develop a means to bridge the gap. With this information he developed a micro-theory, trying to explain a limited part of human behavior; why is there hate among blacks and whites? He collected his data in a process of explanatory research. He needed to test his theory in order to elaborate existing explanations. He gathered all his data and went through all research methods in the hopes of explaining his theory. He followed the research process; developed a question, took into account what would be needed to answer the question, decided how to get this and conducted it as ethical as a black-white southerner could. He used a meta-analysis in examining the information. Griffin improved the description of the relationship while developing explanations for the cause of such activity and aimed to advance research in this area by gathering new knowledge. Finally, when he gathered all his information he released it to the mass media. Although it takes the form of a journal it should still be considered sociological research. The diary method is, in fact, beneficial. Instead of conducting a cross sectional form of research in which information is gathered at one particular time, Griffin, using the diary, conducted a longitudinal study. With such a study change can be identified and a broader understanding will develop in the hopes of answering the research question. Of coarse when such a research method as a diary is used questions arise as to its validity and reliability. It can be assumed that the reliability of Griffin’s work is quite substantial. He had an insider perspective due to his covert observation and participant observation. His information was derived from a large population across more than one state, while still focusing on the southern parts of America. All the persons mentioned in the diary shared the same belief; whites were limiting the black potential. Then it must be asked whether the diary was biased or not. Since it was, in reality, a diary, the information published could be selective. This then questions the validity of the  research. There is no doubt that Griffin had opinions on the topic before it was investigated. However, the research was also very generalizable. This should help to alleviate many of the doubts towards the ethics of the means of research. Since human behavior is very complex it is difficult to narrow down the independent variable. All doubts on validity aside, the research was conducted in a meth od of sociological nature. It was a combination of participant observation, covert observation and unstructured interviews. For example, Griffin had conversations at the YMCA with other black men, or on the bus between New Orleans and Mississippi. These weren’t done with an outlined set of questions; they were conducted by way of one oppressed African-American to another. In conducting his research in such an unobtrusive manner Griffin helped the media identify the setting, the human and social environment, their activities and behaviors, and non-verbal communication. In this method Griffin wasn’t looking to prove causality, rather looking to support his argument in hope for change. With all this taken into account it can be summarized that Griffin followed the research process and used sociological methods. Norms are generally defined as an aspect in society in which an expected behavior binds a certain group of people. However, norms can be applied to many different areas. It can mean placing a set standard for achievement on a certain communal grouping based on the accomplishments of the average person from that grouping. It can also mean a characteristic that is representative of a social group. Or norms can be considered a common practice, belief or custom . However when dealing with norms it must be understood that they apply differently depending on the context of the situation. Much like social norms vary from legal norms. Social norms were the predominant force Griffin encountered throughout his research. Although legal norms played a particular part, judgment was based on the structures of mutual belief, not necessarily judicial. For example, the â€Å"whites† of the southern United States were holding the assumption that the â€Å"blacks† were sexually demented and intellectually impaired (Griffin, 1962: p. 114). The southern white majority assumed that African-Americans were so open about  their sex lives that they even performed activities in the streets and in front of children. They also believed that the blacks wanted white woman sexually and that due to their lack of education all they knew was their natural instinct to reproduce. They assumed this behavior to be applicable to all African-American men. As Griffin tries to explain, he can find no inferiority amongst the blacks; â€Å"These characteristics don’t spring from whiteness or blackness, but from a man’s conditioning† (Griffin, 1962: p. 92). Role taking is a critical part of fostering any sober understanding of a relevant society. It involves looking at things from a different viewpoint. This assists us in understanding how different groups perceive us. We have to know what we look like through others eyes. In order to achieve this we must first understand their mind frame. John Howard Griffin goes through great lengths to achieve this. He understands that it is practically impossible for him to fully comprehend what life is like for a black man, while being a white man in the southern United States. Thus he undergoes pigment therapy that redefines his life. Griffin darkens his skin in order to appear as though he were a black American, in the hopes to achieve an unbiased account of African-American life in the deep south. By infiltrating the seemingly distinct society and adapting to the practices of that society Griffin has undergone role taking. When in New Orleans, Griffin’s first area of research as a black s outherner, he quickly learns of the limitations enforced only by the fact that his skin color was different. By becoming the minority studied, Griffin was not only able to study, first hand, the accounts of racism, but he was also able to emotionally attach himself to the African-American society. Alienation is the separation between â€Å"parts or the whole of the personality and significant aspects of the world of experience.† This term can have many meanings depending on the situation and for whom it is intended. In terms of Griffin’s book, alienation was the physical segregation and the emotional feeling of inequality and unequal opportunities based on skin color. Alienation was evident throughout Griffin’s experiences. Separate waiting rooms at bus stations, separate washrooms and fountains, isolated living  areas, the inability to purchase food and drinks at certain stores, the inability to rest in certain areas, unequal job and education abilities, all formed the feeling of alienation. (Griffin, 1962: p. 92) Griffin realized that this division, both physical and emotional would have to be overcome in order to attain a greater appreciation as a race. Griffin and many blacks alike thought education was the key to destroying the norm of alienation. â€Å"Equal job opportunities†¦ That’s the answer to much of the tragedy of our young people† (Griffin, 1962: p. 44). According to Griffin there were two problems that caused this alienation and lack of motivation to change, they were: the discrimination against the Negro and his discrimination against himself (Griffin, 1962: p. 45). According to Griffin then, it was not only the fault of the whites that the blacks were in the situation they were, it was partly the fault of the blacks as well. Stereotypes are formed when the characteristics of a certain group of people are based on the generalized characteristics of a few. They are most often used to simplify that which we have difficulty understanding, in order to make it more predictable. As W.I. Thomas taught, what we believe to be true will be true in its consequences. Throughout history racial stereotypes have always existed. Perhaps, though, the most dominant stereotypes have been placed against African-Americans. They have been thought of as uneducated, immature, unmotivated, criminal, violent and sexual predators. However, as Griffin points out, the sins the whites commit are the same as the blacks. Except for the fact that blacks are deprived of the â€Å"pleasures of the spirits†. They feel like a lesser person so in order to acquire that feeling of accomplishment and manhood they engage in such activities (Griffin, 1962. p. 91-93). After all, it is the white man who, all through the book, is intrigued by the sexual natures of the black race. It is the whites who hire black prostitutes and it is the whites who violently punish the blacks. Not only are the stereotypes revealed, they are identified as completely illegitimate. In one instance on a bus in New Orleans Griffin attempted to offer an elderly lady a seat by indicating with his eyes that there was an empty one beside him. He thought she would be sympathetic, however she disrespectfully replied, â€Å"What’re you looking at me like that for?† Implying that there were sexual desires instead of kindness behind his offering  (Griffin, 1962: p 25). Reductionism in sociological research places limits on what can be considered as causes when attempting to explain a range of human behavior. Griffin may have been affected by reductionism due to the fact that he was writing a sociological paper. As a result he may have focused on such limited topics as norms, stereotypes and alienation. An economist, however, may have looked at the economic prosperity in the south compared to other parts to explain the racial tensions. Perhaps even the government would be to blame for enforcing racism through propaganda and unequal laws. A biological reductionism would be trying to reduce the problem down to the genes of the human being or as a revolutionary process. In order to achieve a full understanding of the situation, all accounts should be measured, not only those which apply to a specific field. Therefore, the validity and reliability of the research can be questioned. For example, in Griffin’s book, he focuses only on the stereotypes of society, not where they come from. He doesn’t attempt to answer why whites feel hatred towards the blacks, only that it exists. Perhaps the underlying problem is purely situational. The south is known for its farms and small communities, but does this problem exist in the larger cities throughout North America? And if it doesn’t, why not? If it doesn’t exist than it is strictly environmental. Griffin mentions that there are those people who are not actually racist, but they fear showing any sympathy towards another race. What causes this fear? There must be some form of pressure from somewhere that causes this racism. All these questions must be answered in order to truly define the problems between African-Americans and Caucasians. Griffin did a fine job in writing the introduction to racism, however he left the body blank.

Differentiate Between Management and Leadership

Individual paper: Differentiate between management and leadership. Be specific 1. Describe the roles and responsibilities that organizational managers and leaders play in creating and maintaining a healthy organizational culture. 2. ————————————————- Recommend at least two strategies that organizational managers and leaders can ust to create and maintain a healthy organizational culture. Support your concepts w/the concepts discussed in class. Management and leadership both play an important role in the success of a company.However, each role has a different function and in order to be successful in either position, you must have a clear understanding of what each role entails. This paper seeks to provide an understanding of the difference between management and leadership positions. It will expound on the role and responsibilities of each position because often times the t wo are viewed as having the same function. Managing a company is the process of moving the company forward implementing identified goals and objectives. Managing is the process of planning, organizing and allocating the necessary resources to accomplish these goals and objectives.He/she will be responsible for developing control mechanisms to motivate employees, measure the companies achievements, as well as ensure projects and operations are run efficiently, cost saving, and effective. 3. Leadership is more abstract when considered separately from management. Leadership is guiding a person or group toward the best results. It is having sound understanding to determine and ability to articulate visions and goals. Leadership is in par with management, but takes on precedence for strategic management and long-term success.