Blue Jeans Essay Example for Free

Blue Jeans EssayThe article Blue jeans Born to last by Leslie C. metalworker was publish in Globe and Mail in 1992. Smith gives the brief inside information and the history of world popular robust jeans. The main idea of the essay is that how spicy jeans came into life and what does it represent. In 1980s, during the time of gold rush, French cotton called denim came into being which replaced canvas and people called it jeans. In 1853, Levis Strauss German manufacturer, though of curving into miners tents. Furthermore, Levis Strauss plans to put out canvas into pants for workers because routine trouser does not accomplish the necessity of them. Also, it can be worn by commonplace man and celebrities. Although, The blue jean is the symbol of equality.In the essay Blue Jeans Born to last, the author Leslie C. Smith says that Jeans are functional and down-to-earth and unisexual (Dasgupta, pg.107). The author expressed the qualities of the blue jeans. He explained the jeans ar e very suitable and can be worn by either male or female. It is very realistic and purposeful. Moreover, it is comfortable and trendy.The author Leslie C. Smith also talked about the cowboys that The favoured grab of cowboys, by the thirty-something they were an established icon-one that Easterners. Fresh from their vacations on popular dude ranches, were happy to appreciate.(1992, pg. 106). According to this, the jeans become favoured among cowboys in 1930s and it was the symbol of tough nature of American people to the rest of the world. Hence, jeans become a representation of cowboys. It provided cowboys a different identity.Blue jeans Born to last, highlight the details of the blue jeans and explained that how jeans introduced to the world and what does it represent. It has slang expressions and informal language. As blue jeans is the most preferred dress in the world. The main purpose of this essay is that a blue pair of jeans is the one common thing between a common man and a superstar as it is the symbol of equality. The audience of the essay is the common people. The essay conveys a good message of equality and harmony.

We Are the World Essay Example for Free

We Are the World EssayIn his extended metaphor, The Allegory of the Cave, Plato describes a conversation between his brother, Glaucon, and Socrates about the trouble of understanding reality. Behind these prisoners are puppeteers who hold a puppet-show using the shadows of the fire behind them. The prisoners can only see the shadows casted by the puppeteers and they can only assay the sound of echoes from behind. For their whole lives, they are only accustomed to see these shadows in the shape of fake objects such as trees and animals. One of the prisoners is released from the chain and he experiences a whole radical world that he has never encountered before. What he had thought was a tree was no longer the same tree that he had cognize before.There, he is exposed to sunlight and reality hits him. In this allegory, the prisoners represent people in society. This inlalcludes all people, no malaatter what race they are, what social class they are in, and in addition what gend er they are. We are locked in the cave and we are the ones who can only see what is shown on the wall, unless we open the the our eyes to new experiences.Similarly to prisoner that was blind the the by the strong light outside, we also need to challenge ourselves to new ideas and maybe be blinded by the light to see a new view In Abercrombies words, the man only had the schema of what was shown on the cave wall, which caused him to have a very limited storehouse of knowledge.

Illustrations of the text Essay Example for Free

complaintustrations of the text EssayAn impressive opening, a marvellous ending, an indifferent middle. Does this twentieth century comment represent to you a fair abstract of Dr. Faustus? Support your views by detailed illustrations of the text. The narrative patterns of Dr. Faustus stack be said to take on a loose, three-part structure, in which the premier(prenominal) part involves the serious credit line of Faustus conjuring the devil, the middle involves trivial entertainment and the final section, in which the play reaches an intense poetic conclusion. It is arguable that comp bed to the high drama and passion evident at the arrestning and end, the middle of the play has little to offer. However, despite the fact that in Faustus, Marlowe intended to portray the tragic downfall of a great gay, he besides included the apparently frivolous middle scenes for a specific purpose. The play opens with Faustus alone in his study, contemplating the direction in which he shou ld take his future studies. This first speech is energetic and his words are those of a young man. As Faustus exserts to reveal his dissatisfaction with the limits of human knowledge, rejecting each of the various scholarly disciplines available to him, the audience begin to puzzle suspicious of his intentions.When Faustus proclaims that a greater subject fitteth his wit, and that the next step in his education must be necromancy, our worst fears are confirmed. It is important to rail office line that whilst the modern audience may be only slightly shocked by this revelation, to Marlowes contemporaries it would lose been horrifying in the extreme. In Elizabethan times, holiness permeated all aspects of life, and the majority of people were devout Christians such and explicit display of adjuration would have been unheard ofThe dramatic tension increases as the scene progresses, and Faustus unconditional proposal to try his brains to gain a deity confirms our opinion of him a s a dangerous over-reacher. The entrance of the good and evil angels signals an prospect for theatrical spectacle, which in one case again helps maintain the tension of this impressive, dramatic opening scene. Faustus is seemingly unaware of these two characters (which perhaps suggests that they are rather states of mind than physical creations) but continues to rhapsodise on the varied ways he will use his power.Marlowe uses poetic language, and Faustus speech is more like a love song than a soliloquy Ill have them ransack the ocean for orient pearl and search all corners of the new found world for pleasant fruits and princely delicacies. At this point, we are sick(p) by Faustus behaviour it is as though he is making extravagant promises to a beloved rather than seeking these things for him self. Faustus is eager to confer with his fellow scholars Valdes and Cornelius, who can be seen to represent the traditional tempters from earlier morality plays.Valdes astonishes the audien ce unconstipated further by promising that their satanic powers will canonise them. This implied holiness could not be further from the truth of their intentions. The first scene ends with Faustus feverishly impatient to conjure that very night. His last four words are dramatic and horrific in the recklessness this night Ill conjure, therefore I die. The contemporary audience, who would have believed in the immortal soul, would have been aware of the terrifying fact that if he were to die in the process of conjuring, he would spend an eternity in hell. Soon after, we meet Faustus again.The scene is pitch black and he has prepared a circle in which to conjure, and some kind of sacrifice. Marlowe uses atmospheric language such as the gloomy shadow of the earth and her pitchy breath, to evoke the tension and drama. This would have been oddly important for the Elizabethan audience who had to rely on their imaginations during the performance, rather than finicky effects. Faustus invo cation is in Latin, which sounds powerful and sonorous. He uses a frightening form of the orthodox and the demonic, for example sprinkling the holy water whilst conjuring.All this convinces us that he is engaged in an extremely perilous undertaking. Some time newr, once Faustus has conjured Mephastophilis, he must sign a contract which states that Satan can have his soul in exchange for 24 good years. From this point in the lead tension mounts and actions follow in rapid succession until the end of the scene. Faustus must sign in blood, yet when he tries to do so it congeals, forcing Mephastophilis to go and stupefy a chafer of hot coal to melt it again. This episode contributed greatly to the dramatic tension of the scene.The congealing of the blood is part literal, but part metaphorical in the virtuoso that it is Faustus own body recoiling from the deed he is slightly to commit. The simple bringing of the coals in the smoking dish is also quite dramatic. The sight and smell of the flames propel the audience (and should remind Faustus) of the fact that the contract will result in his damnation in hell. The episode ends with Faustus proclamation consummatum est once he has signed. This startling blasphemy echoes Christs final words on the cross and Faustus is ironically identified with him.It is arguable that the impressive opening of the play and the dramatic scenes which follow soon after are balanced and complimented by its equally intense ending. Faustus encounters the old man when his 24 years are almost over, which signals that there is hope for his salvation, even at this late stage. It is important that the audience can still relate to Faustus and fell that he is able to make conscious decisions about his fate, all be they the wrong ones. Whilst we continue to be thus engaged with Faustus, every move he makes in this scene creates high tension and greatly enhances the dramatic quality.About half way through the scene, we witness Mephastophilis p roviding a desperate Faustus with a dagger to kill himself (suicide being an offence to heaven and an appropriate means of getting to hell). Although the old man talks him out of it, the audience is still wracked with suspense, particularly whilst witnessing Faustus ponder feverishly as hell strives with grace for conquest in his breast. However, Faustus soon reverts to his former, cowardly self when Mephastophilis threatens to tear his flesh.He instructs sweet Mephastophilis to punish the old man instead, ignoring his conviction that my faith, vile hell, shall triumph over thee. Following this episode, Faustus asks for Helen of Troy as his paramour, and speaks to her, where he conscious the scholars strictly not to. We feel that Faustus must realise he has made a fatal choice -he knows that the image he sees before him is a spirit- and spotter in compelling revulsion as he kisses the devil. The speech he makes is a rhapsodic love poem, which is stunning when we consider the harsh theatrical rail line between Faustus words(e. g. O, thou art fairer than the evening air clad in the beauty of a thousand stars) and the sight of the old mans flesh being torn to pieces on stage. Even more horrifying is the way in which the brilliant scholar uses the language of love poetry to damn himself, and yet the melodious beauty of the verse remains. When he says her lips suck forth my soul, Faustus is not only using a rapturous metaphor it is actually happening By now, the catastrophe is inevitable Faustus has rejected all hope of salvation, and the audience wait for his impending doom with trepidation.The final scene, in which we witness Faustus death is both memorable and moving. His solitude at the end of the play compliments his solitude at the beginning, and the fact that he struggles alone maintains the dramatic tension right up until he is taken to hell. Marlowe purposefully ends the play with Faustus soliloquy, to vocalise his inner thought and emotional conditi on. His terror, frantic hopes and despair are all enhanced by the soliloquy, which gains dramatic power by its graphic, physical nature.In his fervour, Faustus actually tries to leap up to his God, but fails to do so because some infernal force pulls him down. It is a very tragic scene, particularly as Faustus in his desperation tries to conjure and command the earth to gape open but realises that o no, it will not harbour me. There is a poignant contrast between the disillusioned scholar we see here and the successful conjurer of the previous scenes. When the clock strikes to signal his final half hour, Faustus bargains deucedly with God to let him live for a hundred, or even a thousand years in hell but still be saved.Upon the reaching of the devils he is seized by fear and panic, willing his soul to be changed into little water drops and imploring God to look not so fierce in him. His final desperate plea Ill burn my books is deeply moving considering the futile nature of the g esture. Whilst the tension of the final scenes is obvious, without some of the light-hearted episodes which precede it, much of the dramatic quality would be lost. For this reason, Marlowe includes a number of comic scenes to relieve some of the suspense during the middle section of the play.As well as providing entertainment and an opportunity for spectacle (for example, the slapstick comedy of the Pope scene, and the grotesque rhetoric of the seven deadly sins) these scenes also have several important points to make. A good example of this happens fairly early on in the play, where Wagner procures one of Faustus books and persuades the flea-ridden clown to become his servant. Marlowe is making the point that whilst these two characters may be banal and frivolous, they are just as capable of conjuring as Faustus Wagner apparently has just as much success without selling his soul for the privilege.They also draw our attention to the contract which Faustus is about to make. When Wag ner says that the clown would give his soul to the devil for a shoulder of mutton, though it were blood raw, we note that Faustus proposed contract amounts to something of similar value (i. e. it will gain him nothing). In this scene, conjuring is de-based so that even the illiterate clown is taught how to use black magic. This contrast with Faustus great learning demonstrates how little intellect really is needed for such pursuits. We soon witness a scene between another two comic characters, Robin the ostler, and his companion, Rafe.Robin has stolen one of Faustus books and wishes to use it to gain sexual experience. Whilst this amuses the audience, we are also reminded to reflect on the unfolding tragedy. Whilst the ostlers may be venturing in too deep, they are innocents and their desires amount to little more than a few sappy capers. When we compare this to Faustus feverish necessity to push the boundaries of human knowledge we become aware of just how dangerous the situation is. As Faustus begins to age, he too appears to become aware of the consequences of his actions.The amusing trick he plays on the horse-courser in scene ten plunges him into a despondant mood, forcing him to reflect upon his fate. He is now using his powers on even lower forms of entertainment than he did by making a mockery of the Pope in scene seven. He realises that he has done nothing special and is yet but a man, which is enforced by the horse-coursers callous assumption that he is a horse doctor. In Elizabethan times, such a business would not have been highly respected, and Faustus is outraged that this is how he is being perceived.In conclusion, I would say that although the main dramatic events of the play occur either at the beginning or at the end, the middle scenes also have value and interest. Whilst Marlowes main intention for the comic scenes was to provide amusement for the audience and some eternal sleep from the tension of the main plot, they also contribute sign ificantly to some of the main themes of the play by comparing Faustus behaviour to that of his contemporaries, and thus drawing our attention to the graveness of his actions.

Personality and sociocultural development during early childhood

Personality and sociocultural development during early puerilityThis chapter looks at the major perspectives that make water the basis for own(prenominal)ity and sociocultural development during early childhood. Topics covered embroil coping patterns, aggression, pro fond behavior, the effects of peer interactions, and continuing development of self. Children learn to sleep with a wide range of feelings and emotions. The Copernican to emotional development is the childs susceptibility to negociate with fear and c be. Fear is a response to a specific situation and misgiving is a generalized emotional state. A child whitethorn fuck off regular and continuous feelings of unease, often with step up knowing why. Children stooge be help cope with fear and anxiety by invokes reducing unnecessary stress, being a role model, seeking professional help.Children can overly cope with fear and anxiety using defense mechanism such as identification, projection, denial, contradicti on formation, displacement, regression, rationalization, repression, and withdrawal. Children ar expected to inhibit the display of some emotions such as anger, distress, affection, joy, sensuality and inner curiosity. Children get wind developmental conflicts their needs to depend on their elevates and their desire of independence dealing with compliance, mastery and competence which Erikson identified as autonomy verse bewilder and initiative verse guilt.According to Erikson, children either become more independent and autonomous if their parents encour develop exploration and freedom or they experience shame and diffidence if they are restricted and overprotected. In addition, children view of themselves undergoes major change as they face conflicts between the desire to act independently of their parents and the guilt that comes from the unintended consequences of their actions. Parents who react positively can help their children avoid experiencing guilt. As children de velop, their play becomes more neighborly and eng time in social pretend play involving the use of imagination, manduction of fantasies, and the inclusion of agreed upon rules. This help children deal with fears, set aside companionship during periods of loneliness, and provide reassurance. Research indicates that 65% of newfangled children have imaginary companions. Imaginary companions help children social sciences and practice conversations. Children who are adept at imagination whitethorn be better at mastering symbolic representation in the real orbit. Children who are rejected by their peers in early childhood are likely to be rejected in midst childhood as well. They are also more likely to have adjusting problems in adolescence and braggart(a)hood. Rejected children may be aggressive or withdrawn and may be out of sync with their peers activities and social interaction.Children learn to incorporate the values and morals of their society into their understanding of th emselves through internalization. Children develop a self-concept, their identity, or their knack of beliefs. Young children tend to describe themselves in terms of their physical characteristics, possessions, or activities. The tendency to describe themselves in terms of social connections increases. Children tend to imitate their parents. Children self esteem enhance by parent praising their children, encouraging and giving them responsibilities, al dispiriteding them to explore their potential freely, and showing them unconditional love. The sense of being a male or female person is well formal by the sequence children reach the preschool years. Children learn gender-related behavior and expectations from their observation of others behavior as well as from books, media, and TV. Parents play an especi in ally important role in the development of schoolgirlish children, particularly with respect to how parents exert control and express warmth. Authoritarian parents tend to a llege children who are withdrawn, fearful, dependent, moody, unassertive and irritable. Permissive parents tend to produce children who are rebellious, aggressive, self-indulgent, socially inept, creative and outgoing.Authoritative parents tend to produce children who are self-reliant, self-controlled, socially competent with high self-esteem and do better in school. abstracted parents tend to produce children who are free to discover in to the roughly destructive impulses. How parents manage discipline is an important aspect of the effect that parents have on their childrens development. The aim of discipline is not only to control children behavior but also to help them develop emotional self control.CHAPTER 8Middle childhood is the span of years from age 6 to 12. At age 9, receiveth spurt for girls and 11 year olds for boys. Growth is influenced by activity level, puzzle out, nutrition, gender, and genetic factors. rude motor skills such as running, jumping, and hopping and fine motor skills continue to develop and improve. Children scram to develop interest in sports. During middle childhood, children in developed world receive life-threatening nutrition so most height and weight differences among children are due to genetically determined factors. Children in developing world grow smaller than their counter parts in affluent advance world.Obesity is defined as body weight that is more than 20% above the intermediate for a person of a given height and weight. In United States, about 17% of children are obese. Most of children who are obese continue to be seriously overweight as self-aggrandisings. Obesity leads to high blood pressure, diabetes, and other medical problems. The cause of obesity can be a genetic factor, environmental factors, television viewing, lack of exercise and parental encouragement. The leading cause of death in middle childhood is accidents and associated injuries.Psychological disorders and mental illness can begin in middl e childhood, raising concerns about accurate diagnosis and treatment such as autism and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder. Piaget referred to middle childhood as a period of concrete operations and encourages the use of concrete objects for teaching such as blocks, rods and seeds. Piaget stress that teaching should be through showing rather than verbalize because children learn by doing and they are active learners who construct their own theories about how the world operates. During middle childhood, short-term memory capacity improves significantly and understandings about the processes that be memory emerge and improve during middle childhood. Childrens memory strategies and techniques enhance with age and develop the process of monitoring their own thinking. When children attend school, school teach facts or concepts, give directions for a particular lesson, state general rules of behavior, correct, discipline and praise children and introduce children in other misc ellaneous activities. Children learn more in classes in which m on task is maximized, in which the teacher spends at least half the while on actual teaching and less on such concerns as maintaining order. The main emphasis on school are teaching learning and thinking skills, tailoring instruction to the childs individual learning style and developmental level, and fostering independent, self-regulated, self paced learning, learning in small groups and cooperative rather than competitive learning.School success is influenced by many factors including achievement motivation which is an acquired culturally based drive, gender, and parents of successful children who have realistic beliefs about their children, have high expectations, are authoritative parents and talk to, listen to, and read to their children. Developmental and intellectual disabilities such as mental Retardation, depression, attention deficit disorder, and learning disabilities children and other special needs childr en all have afforded educational opportunities in least restrictive environment.CHAPTER 9During middle childhood, according to Erikson, the central task focuses on industry versus inferiority. Children at this stage are characterized by a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the challenges related to parents, peers, school and other complexities of the modern world. Children self concept and self esteem continue to develop. The development of self esteem is a reciprocal process. Parents can positively influence their childrens self esteem by offering realistic praise and by encouraging them toward activities in which they can be successful. Children use social comparison to themselves to abilities, expertise, and opinions of others. When objective measures are absent children rely on social reality such as how others act, think, feel, and view the world. In middle childhood, most friends are of the same gender, and friendships during middle childhood serve many functions . Peer relationships provide emotional support and help kids to handle stress, teach children how to manage and control their emotions, teach about communication with others, foster intellectual growth and allow children to practice relationship skills.According to Selman, friendships develop through four stages as playmates, then certifiedness of anothers feelings emerges, then trust develops and finally children can look at relationship from anothers perspective. Prejudice is a negative attitude formed without decorous reason which is directed at a defined group of people. As children grow older, they become capable of thinking with greater complexity and prejudice can be reduce by enhancing through cooperative activities that are important to children and promoting equality and disconfirm negative stereotypes. Popular children are helpful and cooperative, have a good sense of humor and emotional understanding, ask for help when necessary, not overly reliant on others, adaptive to social situations, and social problem solving skill competence. Unpopular children lack social competence, are immature, are overly aggressive and overbearing, withdrawn or shy, and are unattractive, handicapped, obese, or slow academically. Several programs teach children set of social skills that underlie general social competence. Although peers become very important in to children in middle childhood, the family continues to be children most important socializing force. rough-and-ready parenting in middle childhood can involve in increasing childrens social competence through encouraging social interaction, teaching listening skills to children, reservation children aware that people display emotions and moods nonverbally, teaching conversational skills, including the importance of asking questions and self-disclosure and not asking children to choose teams or groups publicly.In addition to other changes, children experience in early relationships between siblings can shape how children relate to others and choices made in after life. Also, in most cases, children fare quite well when parents are loving, are sensitive to their childrens needs, provide appropriate substitute care, and are good adjustment of their children. When parent divorce, children are most likely to exhibit behavioral difficulties, anxiety, depression, and low self esteem and they often have more problems with school. School-age children tend to blame themselves for the breakup. Twice as many children of divorced parents require psychological counseling as do children from intact families. For some children, living in a home with unhappy marriage and which is high in conflict has stronger negative consequences than divorce. Blended families take remarried couple that has at least one stepchild living with them. Living in blended family involves role ambiguity, in which roles and expectations are unclear.CHAPTER 10Adolescence is a remarkable time of growth and development in just a few years, children transition dramatically towards adulthood across multiple domains. Adolescence is physically the healthiest period of the lifespan. There is a dramatic body parts grow at different rates due to higher levels of testosterone boys experience greater increases in muscle growth girls experience an increase in body fat. Body shape differentiates as boys develop wider shoulders and girls develop wider hips. These biological, as well as cultural, factors can cause depression and anxiety in females at this age an emphasis on exercise may help to keep females active and combat negative self-images. Primary sex characteristics include sex organs in males and females grow significantly to allow room for sperm and egg production. Secondary Sex Characteristic for both male and female includes growth of pubic hair, underarm hair, facial hair, and arm and leg hair. Skin becomes rougher and oilier, bones become harder, the voice becomes lower, and the chin, nose, and ears bec ome more pronounced.Hormones have a regent(postnominal) effect on the brain, influencing its development. However, the emotionally often seen in teenagers results not only because a hormone action but also because of complex sociocultural and environmental factors. Adolescents have the aptitude to begin moving from childhood toward adulthood due to their cognitive development. This is the ability of the brain to begin processing more abstract thoughts. few of these thoughts, indeed many of these thoughts, are focused on themselves. By being able to think abstractly, which is a new developmental ability. Now, as teenagers, the journey toward self-reflection and self-identity, may begin. By asking clear self-identity questions, they may find answers that will be enlightening, even insightful and complex. They will strive to learn to make good choices and decisions toward their forthcoming as a responsible citizen. This process is often difficult for adolescents. They may change p eriodically in terms of their self-concept. According to Piaget, adolescent gain the ability to think about intangible objects and methods and have the ability to see multiple aspects of one idea. As adolescents enhance their understanding of themselves, they actually become more aware of their own emotions and feelings and how these feelings affect their daily lives. By gaining some emotional understanding of themselves, they are able to change their self-identity. This is how they perceive their characteristics and abilities fit with the opportunities that are available to them. These changes are now known to continue in our American society well into emerging adulthood. But many of the identity issues that begin during adolescence determine the paths an adolescent may take including future college, vocational or career choices, as well as other aspects of their lives.Adolescent constantly views themselves as the center of attention and certainty of an individuals distinct person al experience and fate. Adolescence also belief that unfortunate occurrences only happen to other people which encourages risky behavior. Adolescence today continue to be exceedingly sexually active and about 20% of sexually active teenagers have sexually transmitted disease. Teenage mothers and fathers are associated with difficult economic circumstances and personal challenges. Marriage under such circumstances generally does not produce positive outcomes in part because early marriage often leads to dropping out of school.Chapter 11During adolescence, young people reach physical maturity, develop a more sophisticated understanding of roles and relationships, and acquire and refine skills needed for successfully execute adult work and family roles. The developmental tasks of this periodcoping with physical changes and emerging sexuality, developing interpersonal skills for opposite-sex relationships, acquiring education and training for adult work roles, becoming emotionally and behaviorally autonomous, solution identity issues, and acquiring a set of values are all tied to successful functioning in adulthood in one federal agency or another. The movement toward adulthood colors our expectations of adolescents, and hence our treatment of them. One expect adolescents to move away from the adult-directed activities of childhood toward the autonomy, responsibility, self-direction and independence from their parents and forming an identity.Consistent with these expectations, adolescents are granted increased freedom of choice to varying degrees, adolescents select their academic courses, choose their friends and activities, and make plans concerning post high school education, employment, and family life. some of these decisions have important implications for young peoples subsequent life course.Educational decisions, such as whether to attend college or not, affect future career opportunities and vocational development. Similarly, becoming an adolescent p arent often limits educational attainment and employment opportunities. Erikson viewed the critical developmental task of adolescence as identity verses identity confusion which requires the teen to sort through several(a) choices in order to answer to questions who am I? Adolescents who go out with friends rather than study for an important test, who engage in unprotected intercourse or experiment with a new drug, or who ride home with an intoxicated driver may unknowingly affect the direction of their future lives. Moreover, short-term choices may evolve into regular patterns of behavior or lifestyles, which, in turn, influence future development. Thus, the choices that adolescents make and the developmental course they define can profoundly shape their later lives. Therefore, the adolescents movement toward autonomy entails both growth and risk. On the one hand, adolescents need to experience greater freedom of choice so they can begin to exercise self-direction.Successful paren ts must provide support to teenage children. Maintaining communication helps reduce serious conflict. Parental monitoring is based on open communication and adolescent willingness to disclose the details of the adolescents life. The most importance of peers increases enormously during adolescence. Through social comparisons, teens compare themselves to their peers as a means of defining themselves. Early on, dating serves to give young adolescents experience without deep emotional involvement. Later, adolescents who date may develop emotional closeness and serious romantic relationship. Adolescence and emerging adulthood is often characterized by risk taking behavior. Because the brain region related to judgment and emotional control are still developing, adolescent may take risks without fully appreciating the consequences. self-annihilation is the third leading cause of death during adolescence, and the rate of suicide in this age group is rising. To support positive adolescent d evelopment, we should support and strengthen families, provide then with activities in which they can be successfulChapter 12The young adult stage is full of major changes in both physical and cognitive attributes. The body has finished fully developing and the thinking process is carried out in a more complex manner. It is during this development stage that the young adult can contemplate the views of others and put themselves in their place to gain a better understanding. many another(prenominal) key events in adulthood occur at comparatively predictable times for most people in an age cohort. An age clock represents our internal sense of time for when major life events should occur. Physically, it is a time when one is at his or her healthiest. The brain is still increasing in size, although new neurons are no longer forming. One sense is also the keenest during this time of life. Full maturation has been reached, as well as full height. This is also the time when this age group learns to live comfortably in their own.The young adult years are often referred to as the peak years. Young adults experience excellent health, vigor, and physical functioning. Young adults have not yet been subjected to age-related physical deterioration, such as wrinkles, weakened body systems, and reduced lung and heart capacities. Their strength, coordination, reaction time, sensation, fine motor skills, and sexual response are at a maximum. Additionally, both young men and women enjoy the benefits of societys emphasis on youthfulness. They typically look and feel attractive and sexually appealing. Young men may have healthy skin, all or most of their hair, and well-defined muscles. Young women may have soft and supple skin, a small waistline, and toned legs, thighs, and buttocks. Early in adulthood, neither gender has truly suffered from any double standard of aging, mainly, the misconception that aging men are distinguished, but aging women are over the hill. With good looks , great health, and plenty of energy, young adults dream and plan. Adults in their 20s and 30s set many goals that they intend to accomplish, from finishing graduate school, to getting married and raising children and to becoming a millionaire. Young adulthood is a time when nothing seems impossible with the right attitude and enough persistence and energy, anything can be achieved. Some individuals begins habits that likely will produce health problems later in life such as overeating, overuse of alcohol, drugs and lack of exercise. Physical change may come in the form of weight gain for this age group. This is the time of settling into careers which can be sedentary, compared to the activities that are done in college and high school. For many, this is the first time in taking sole responsibility for providing nourishment. Many young adults move away from home. Food intake may now consist of fast food and frozen dinners, which can really rack up the pounds. Early adulthood is ofte n the time during which people are most sexually active, and many plan to have children. Sexually transmitted diseases affect most of the young adults such as Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Aids may be least partly responsible for a shift to more caution sexual behavior.Many young adults have developed the skill to reason logically and solve abstract problems. This is also the age when they are able to solve theoretical problems. This age group scores higher than any other on the fluid intelligence section of an IQ test. Fluid intelligence is not only the ability to think abstractly, but to deal with novel situations. This is the age that awareness of consequences develops. Piaget argued that cognitive development reaches its highest level, their thinking becomes more complex.

Working Memory Capacity in Generalized Social Phobia

Working Memory Capacity in Generalized sociable PhobiaNader Amir and Jessica BomyeaINTRODUCTIONAccording to DSM-5TM (2013), Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) is a Marked fear of one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others. Also they fear they allow be judged negatively which might result being humiliated or face rejection to one (Comer, 2010). According to the report on on the job(p) memory capacity the availability of cognitive resources depend on social cues and these cognitive abilities have a significant impact on spate with social phobia. However, very few studies have been turn outed so far regarding working memory and social phobia (Amir, Bomyea, 2011).It has been found in many studies that people scurvy from social anxiety disorder has maladaptive cognitive assumptions which presumably results of worsening the symptoms associated with this disorder. This cognitive process can be without conscious effort and the a vailability of the cognitive resources can prevent the illogical thought processes which might arise if the mental resources ar low. These executive control processes is referred as processes that are related to cognitive functions (Amir, Bomyea, 2011). It has been in any case found that people with social anxiety disorder has problems with attention thus it can hurt the per miscellanyance of cognitive designates. This has been proven in verbal reasoning, spacial reasoning and many other studies which were make on the purpose of proving that anxiety has an impact on the central processes. This is collectable to the fact that the anxious person has to heighten on many other tasks rather than the main purpose and waste its mental resources without being effectively utilize. For instance, as the client has social phobia will evaluate oneself negatively on something that was stored on autobiographic memory. This wasting of cognitive resources in perceiving oneself in negative s ituations like this can affect the surgical process of working memory of an anxious person compared to a non-anxious person thus doing poor on tasks that requires cognition. (Amir, Bomyea, 2011).This research was done in order to assess the impact on working memory capacity performance with electro unbiased and social flagellum stimuli, among clients who have been clinically labeled with generalize social phobia. This was the first study done to compare WMC with neutral and threat stimuli on anxious individuals and these individuals use bottom-up information processing which enables them to be caught up in threat related stimuli. (Amir, Bomyea, 2011).Therefore, they proposed the supposal asHo individuals with generalized social phobia show a extensiveer WMC performance when exposed to a threat related stimuli than a neutral stimuli.H1 individuals who are non-anxious shows a greater WMC performance when exposed to a neutral stimuli than a threat related stimuliMethodParticipa ntsThere were 36 individuals in data-based group and 35 in the control group. In the experimental group patients are chosen with regard to the criteria mentioned in Diagnostic Statistical Manual ( DSM-IV) which includes winning a Structured Clinical Interview(SCID) as well as getting a score above 60 on Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Those who met the measuring stick were overly in an ongoing treatment by the Center for Understanding and Treating Anxiety at San Diego state university. Among the 36 interviews which was videotaped, 20% percent was randomly rated by an independent clinician and got an interrater score of k=0.89 which increases the reliability of the selection outgrowth. As for the control group with non- anxious 35 individuals selected from the community had to undergo SCID projection screening aid by a clinic staff to check whether they met any past or present criterias of the disorder. Moreover they had to have a score that didnt outdo beyond 29 on self-repor t version of LSIS. In this experiment all participants $20 for their collaboration. (Amir, Bomyea, 2011).Materials and ProcedureThis experiment was conducted empirically and the data was collected for a valued study although it was done by involves of electronic media.This assessment was done by a computer based OSPAN (Amir, Bomyea, 2011). In which Operations Span range (OSPAN) the members are supposed to recall voice communication in a succession at the same time performing simple math problems. While retentiveness apiece participant in about a distance of 30cm from the computer screen, a fixation (+) at the center was shown for 500ms and then shows a blank screen for 500ms and finally shows a solved mathematics problem preceded by a word for 800ms.the math equation can be for example 2+3=4, which are researched to be used in WMC tasks. Once the decision is made the participant presses the right key on the mouse and then continues this same procedure for 2-6 times. Once thi s is done for2- 6 times the participants has to recall the order of the words which are shown on a screen and which were shown during the process. Words like chair which is neutral and stupid which is socially threatening were shows to study the effect of neutral and threat words on WMC span. Along with the words extra words are used as distractions on the screen during the 20 trials each participant finished. (Amir, Bomyea, 2011).Before the start of the experiment each participant was allowed to sign a consent form and do a LSAS( by the anxious) and LSAS-SR(by the non-anxious) tests with similar psychometric value. The participants were given a trial round before the real experiment and advised to remember the words and do as fast as possible while doing the math problems at the same time. The words used during the practice rounds were not included in the experimental sessions as part of accuracy. (Amir, Bomyea, 2011).ResultsSelf-Report MeasuresAt the end of the 20 sessions the g roup with generalized social phobia was reduced to 32 participants with the elimination of 3 participants due to lack of math accuracy below 85% and one participant having a math solving capacity three times higher than the mean banner deviation. Also the non-anxious group was reduced to 30 after elimination of 5 due to low math scores. However, the groups didnt differ that much in age and education. (Amir, Bomyea, 2011).Math Reaction TimesIn this study participants were removed due to low math performance or too high performance which is consistent with other studies done earlier. The reaction times was calculated as a median value which shows that bot the generalized anxiety group and non-anxious group had pie-eyed results when solving problems with social threat, t(60)=1.10,p=.28 or neutral words, t=(60)=1.60,p=.11. (Amir, Bomyea, 2011).Working Memory Span ScoresWMC scores were calculated by the partial-credit load scoring where each participant gets one point for a word in i ts correct order in the list. The figure 1 below shows the comparison of means and standard error bars in both groups. The results obtained are consistent with the results from prior research. The results were also put into mixed design analysis of ANOVA with anxious, non-anxious, social threat and neutral as 22 designs. This test showed the interaction among the Group and Word type was significant. To add more value t tests was done which showed the mop WMC in GSP and NAC when neutral words are compared. Comparing non-anxious with two word types it doesnt show much difference unlike the generalized social phobia group who recalled threat words by, t(31) = 2.30, p=.028. (Amir, Bomyea, 2011).Figure 1. Working memory capacity scores for generalized social phobia(GSP) and non-anxious control(NAC) groups.DiscussionResults prove that non-anxious group did great when remembering neutral information. Also the generalized social phobia group was better at remembering threat related than n eutral stimuli. This support the sentiment that anxious people are worse at recalling neutral information and thus support that their inability to maintain attention on one task leads to wasting of cognitive resources thus, doing bad at tasks. (Amir, Bomyea, 2011).LimitationsThis study itself has its own limitations including the idea the participants in GSP were more depressed than anxious, this hinders the understanding of anxiety on the results. This may be why they GSP group did much better on recalling social threats. Furthermore, they are unable to compare people with different levels of anxiety with the type of stimulus. The study also was not able to represent an entire existence of people suffering generalized social phobia as the sample size is not object lesson plus the elimination of members from each group reduced its population size. . (Amir, Bomyea, 2011).Suggestion for future researchIn future they could compare patients suffering from various stages of generali zed social phobia to explain the extent of anxious nature can impact on the working memory performance (Amir, Bomyea, 2011). Also they could select a sample that represents the population and has equal number of participants in both groups to improve accuracy. Moreover, in this study 72% of GSP and 50% NAC group represent female population which makes it unable to compare among the genders. So if the experiments can be conducted on genders we could understand how this anxious nature can have an impact on women and men that are equivalent in severity of the disorder to understand how powerful cognitive resources in both genders. This can also enable to assess the amount of damage that generalized social phobia can act on the cognitive resources in both genders WMC when a stimulus is a neutral one. This may in turn help to give proper attention to the people suffering from generalized social phobia and may recover easier with proper care for the individuals. Moreover, they could con duct experiment again with the DSM-5 criteria since its a recent version compared to DSM-IV text revised edition.ReferencesAmir, N., Bomyea, J. (2011). Working memory capacity in generalized social phobia.Journal Of perverted Psychology,120(2), 504-509. doi10.1037/a0022849APA (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th Edition DSM-5).Comer, R. J. (2010). Abnormal Psychology (7th Edition). New York Worth Publishers.

Impact of skiing on mountain environments

Impact of going on mountain environssIt is extremely easy to will the impact imposed by going on the mountain environments. Most throng believe the altogether effect that they extradite on the environment at heart mountain regions ar the tracks in the coulomb left by their skis. However, there is strong evidence that skiing has both a social and more noticeably, environmental impacts that influence the instinctive environment. Some experts of the alpine region suggest that tourists directly affect everywhere half of the Alps entire surface area. It can and then be stated that the Alps are nowadays one of the most threatened mountain ecosystems on Earth. This viewpoint was further backed up by Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, chairman of Alp Action, based in Geneva, which works towards preserving and restoring the Alpine habitat, saying that tourists arouse merely transported the problems of the city up 6,500 feet.As the majority of ski slopes take stick on the sides of lar ge, rugged mountains, the process of deforestation is required in instal to create the downhill ski slopes. Deforestation can wizard to the displacement of the natural habitats of resident birds as well as cause an increase in the surface run score from the melt water flowing down the mountains once the light speed has melted in the summer months. The problem of surface runoff is further increased by the alteration of the grade of the slope in order to furbish up it suit equal to(p) for skiers. This allows the melt water to flow quicker and runs in the melt water coming into contact with few obstacles which can eventually lead to landslides. another(prenominal) wildlife such as ibex, snow hares, and red deer are also affected by deforestation and the alteration of the slopes grade. Wildlife is initially affected by the victimisation and expansion of the ski resorts, however, the humanity impact on wildlife can also be seen in the construction and maintenance of the ski runs in the night cartridge holder and by the numerous skiers during the daytime. An example of the affects on wildlife is the black grouse which resides in the Alps, Wales, Scotland and the Lake District. As a result of skiing, the black grouse now exists at only half its usual macrocosm density around ski resorts. However, the disturbance area is increasing in size as more and more people ski off-piste and intrude into the habitat of the black grouse.When examining the visual impacts of skiing on the mountain environment, it is easy to see that the monstrous metallic pylons which support the ski lifts and the ski lift terminals blemish the previously unscarred panoramic views. The implications of all of the developments in spite of appearance the mountain environment results in a snowballing affect and results in increased pressure on the environment. With the rise in popularity of some resorts such as Tignes and the Trois Valles in France, there is the added pressure of expansion o f the resorts and the improvement of its facilities. The ski resorts are mainly built on confined valley floor areas and are therefore hemmed in by the surrounding mountainous environment. However, the need to accommodate the increasing numbers and demands of tourists manner that resorts have had to expand resulting in further erosion of the mountain sides.The impact of skiers on the environment can be seen due to the increased problems of international melt within these areas. Over the past few years, scientists have proved that the snow levels in mountain areas such as the Alps in Europe have started to dwindle. Birgit Ottmer from the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research based in the famous resort of Davos said that the Alpine areas below 1,600 metres are now receiving twenty per centime less snow. The future is even more unpromising with Michel Revaz of the Liechtenstein-based Alpine conservation society Cipra, stating that within fifty years all ski resor ts below 1,200 metres wont have a chance and will go out of business. This is especially unwelcoming news for the majority of the ski resorts within Austria where seventy-five per cent of all of the ski lifts lie below 1,000 metres. The problem of snow levels has designatet that new resorts are springing up further and further up the sides of the mountains. This migration of ski resorts will mean further visual impacts on the area with large accommodation blocks and pylons being erected further upland as well as an increase in the human affects on the higher altitude areas which have a more sensitive ecosystem.It is widely believed that aviation travel currently contributes about quaternity per cent of the global ampere-second dioxide emissions. This is a worrying fact, especially when over thirty million international tourists fly into the Alpine region each year and the fact that Alpine tourism is only second in the world to the Mediterranean coast in the number of visiting tou rists per annum. Once arrived in the Alpine region, the vast amounts of tourists principally reach the ski resorts by vehicles or even coaches supplied by the travel agencies. The increasing presence of vehicles within this environment has led to an increase in carbon emissions from the vehicles. Within some areas of the Alps, the pollutants reach the upland coniferous trees. Once this has happened, the pollutants weaken the evergreen trees which then become susceptible to insects and parasites. The United Nations recently carried out a study on the affects humans have on the mountain forests and discovered that acid rain and air pollution have damaged approximately cardinal per cent of the Swiss, Italian, German and Austrian alpine forests.Another human impact which can be related to global warming is the retreat of the glaciers worldwide. Many skiers and snow boarders enjoy the thrill of skiing or snow boarding on glaciers. The tour guides usually put a great emphasis on the env ironment and the affects of humans on the mountain environment during the excursion however, these tours may cease to exist in the near future with the retreat of the mountain glaciers. For example, Boulder Glacier in the North American state of Washington, is extremely popular with climbers, skiers and snow boarders. However, such activities have an increasingly short life as the glacier retreated an incredible four hundred and fifty metres between 1987 and 2005. The retreat of the glacier can be directly linked to the rise in the winter temperatures and to the reduction in snowfall levels within this region.There is an increasing problem with the amount of litter in the ski resorts. As is true anywhere else in the world, the majority of litter dropped does not bring low straight away or at all. However, in such a sensitive or delicate region, like the Alps, the effects are amplified. For instance an chromatic peel takes approximately two years to fully degrade, and cigarette but ts can take up to five years to disintegrate. The chocolate wrappers or left over lunch that is left outside the mountain restaurants attract species which would not normally be found at such high altitudes. This alteration in the fragile ecosystem has a huge affect on the indigenous population of wildlife which eventually die out due to the invasive species.However, tourism can help prevail the mountain communities. The tourists provide a market for the topical anaesthetic communities. There are over four and a half million beds for tourists within the Alps. The local communities have set up bed and breakfast accommodation as well as hostels and small, traditional hotels or chalets. This provides a vital economy for the local population even though the busiest periods are only during the winter months. Upon seeing that the majority of their business is seasonal, many of the locals in the ski resorts and surrounding villages have begun to diversify in order to sustain a living th roughout the year. The local population have begun to offer summer outdoor activities to try and attract thrill-seeking or nature-loving tourists in the summer months. Many of those within the mountain communities offer guiding walks in the summer or activities such as rock climbing and driving off road vehicles through the rough terrain. The local authorities for ski resorts have only recently started to publicise visiting mountain areas in the summer months and are trying to advertise the ski resorts and villages as year-round destinations instead of solely winter locations.Tourism can help sustain human communities if the right methods are introduced by the local authorities, for example by ensuring that the local populations get their share of the money brought in by tourists so that the larger international tourism firms do not overpower the local businesses. This might include, the local authorities supporting local brands or shops and only allowing a certain number of interna tional businesses or hotels into the region.Many learning schemes have also been introduced in order for the local population to learn other languages such as English in order to accommodate and to improve on the services provided to tourists visiting their town or village. Teaching the locals languages will help them both socially and economically and could even lead to their customers returning or attracting new customers by word of mouth due to the level of customer service. Having a second language allows local people who come the area and its surrounding environment best, to supply more annual activities such as guided walks. This will keep the economy within the area and result in a small rise in the prosperity of the local population.In conclusion, I believe that skiing is not a sustainable military action and has greater impacts on the mountain environment than it does improve it. The affects on the environment are detrimental and could mean that future generations will no t be able to go and look at the Mont-Blanc Glacier in its current beauty but will be able to admire at it from text books due to its accomplishable demise. However, I do have confidence in the fact that tourism can play a large role in sustaining and improving the local human communities and makes the mountain areas an extremely exciting and diverse area which is why so many people visit it each year.

Developing Leadership and Communication Skills Essay -- Interpersonal

In the academic exercise given, I have chosen to discuss the topic Leadership and Communication, in which recommendations on how to go against effective inter own(prenominal) discourse skills will be conferred. According to the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, the reciprocation leadership is defined as the quality of being profound at leading a group, organization, country, and etc. The word Communication as explained by Donald Clark (1997), delegacy the exchange and flow of information and ideas from one person to another, and in the context of leadership and communication, I would suggest that communication is one of the essential elements of leadership. Effective communication between a leader and his or her members occurs when the group members catches the little information or idea that the leader intends to convey. Many a time, physical and psychological barriers in communication filters the original message and ca maps misinterpretation among the group m embers. However, at that place are several recommended ways on what a leader should do in baffle to improve communication in his or her organization. First and foremost, by haveing the language simple, it reduces the risk of confusion and misinterpretation of words to wad of diverse cultures, backgrounds, and personal past experiences. The use of jargons within individuals from a society of interchangeable profession is apparently inevitable, as it provides an easy way for people within the same line of merchandise to discuss complex issues in a straightforward manner. For example, the use of jargons such as PROM which is short for Programmable Read Only Memory among computer programmers is common, as they are considered as speaking the same language. Unfortunately, people who do not belong ... ...e effectively done without a glitch. In conclusion, I gestate that my suggestions above are able to mould one into a better leader, in terms of both speaking and listenin g. A leader should also keep his or her language simple and understandable to all parties to subdue any misinterpretations. One must also acquire good communication skills in grade to successfully lead a group in fulfilling their task. Besides, a leader should also take up the role of a good motivator, coach, and counselor in order to bring out the spirit and joy of running(a) together as a team. Words of encouragement and praise should also never stop to slip from the lips of a leader, and of course, feedbacks from all will forever be a vital aspect to advance and develop in all perspectives. Hence, I would equal to conclude that a good leader will never fail to bring out the best of his people. Developing Leadership and Communication Skills Essay -- Interpersonal In the academic exercise given, I have chosen to discuss the topic Leadership and Communication, in which recommendations on how to develop effective interpersonal communication skills will be co nferred. According to the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, the word leadership is defined as the quality of being good at leading a group, organization, country, and etc. The word Communication as explained by Donald Clark (1997), means the exchange and flow of information and ideas from one person to another, and in the context of leadership and communication, I would suggest that communication is one of the essential elements of leadership. Effective communication between a leader and his or her members occurs when the group members catches the exact information or idea that the leader intends to convey. Many a time, physical and psychological barriers in communication filters the original message and causes misinterpretation among the group members. However, there are several recommended ways on what a leader should do in order to improve communication in his or her organization. First and foremost, by keeping the language simple, it reduces the risk of confusion and misinterpretation of words to people of diverse cultures, backgrounds, and personal past experiences. The use of jargons within individuals from a society of similar profession is apparently inevitable, as it provides an easy way for people within the same field to discuss complex issues in a straightforward manner. For example, the use of jargons such as PROM which is short for Programmable Read Only Memory among computer programmers is common, as they are considered as speaking the same language. Unfortunately, people who do not belong ... ...e effectively done without a glitch. In conclusion, I believe that my suggestions above are able to mould one into a better leader, in terms of both speaking and listening. A leader should also keep his or her language simple and understandable to all parties to avoid any misinterpretations. One must also acquire good communication skills in order to successfully lead a group in fulfilling their task. Besides, a leader should also t ake up the role of a good motivator, coach, and counselor in order to bring out the spirit and joy of working together as a team. Words of encouragement and praise should also never fail to slip from the lips of a leader, and of course, feedbacks from all will forever be a vital aspect to advance and develop in all perspectives. Hence, I would like to conclude that a good leader will never fail to bring out the best of his people.